Drug Abuse Essay - 769 Words

Drug abuse exists throughout multiple levels of society. It goes through families, places we live, and the world of technology. Demographics such as race, age, social class, location are all important factors of how drug abuse come into counter. A person who is addicted can only accept their addiction through guilt and settlement. The social control theory states that the deviant behavior, drug abuse is caused by the lack of being in control socially. We chose this category of behavior because is it becoming more of a norm in some cases which is exploited in many ways such as social media, music, politics, and the criminal justice system The higher the individual’s investment in the dominant culture, the more risks there are by engaging†¦show more content†¦Abusing both legal and illegal drugs are considered deviant because they have a specific purpose. It is deviant in the eyes of the people who are looking in on the situation and can be affected by it such as children, families, doctors,and in professional settings like the workplace. It can affect the abusers or the people in their lives financially, mentally, physically, and emotionally. Prescription drug abuse is taking an excessive amount of drugs then what was prescribed to the patient. Most of them are crushed up and snorted of injected to get into the bloodstreams and brain. Drug abuse is a risky, law-violating behavior that drug users are trying to avoid. If there is no bonding, the risk associated with such deviant behavior feels less severe, than tolerance becomes more likely. On the other hand, self-control theory argues that deviant behavior is caused by a past childhood that failed to create a sense of discipline and self-control by one’s parents. It also could be the absences of an individuals parents in their childhood. The result is a pattern of behavior that is high-risk, and short-sighted; that individual will start doing drugs and won’t realize he or she is abusing it. Once the ability to control one’s own actions is reduced, the addict is incapable of abstaining from drug abuse. Economics and politics became the primary factors in the spread of drug abuse in America. Living in poverty or low class helps to create aShow MoreRelatedPrescription Drug Abuse Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pageshard transition in his life from the elementary levels of school to high school. Along the way, he started hanging out with the wrong crowd and doing all sorts of drugs like smoking marijuana and drinking alcohol. In his senior year he realized he wanted to do something different with his life and he joined the boxing team and quit drugs, but one Saturday night that all ended. David was offered a patch that was supposed to make him feel an extremely good feeling. He didnt know what was in the patchRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse Essay1852 Words   |  8 PagesPrescription drug abuse has become an epidemic in the United States especially among the youth of our country. The Partnership for a Drug Free America says that 2,500 teens a day abuse prescription drugs. Abuse of thes e narcotics can lead to serious mental and physical consequences. Why is this such a problem, what can we do to solve it, and how is it affecting our social lives? First we must explore what prescription drugs are being abused. The most popular abused drugs fall into three categoriesRead More Cost of Drug Abuse on Society Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse is a rampant problem in the United States. Drugs can be abused in a variety of different ways by people from every walk of life. Most of us have been affected by drug abuse either directly or indirectly. Drug abusers harm themselves, as well as their families and communities. Drug abuse takes an enormous toll on our society at many levels. The cost of drug abuse on our society is astronomical, not only financially but also personally, emotionally, socially and professionally. Read MoreNegative Effects Of Drug Abuse Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagesstruggle everyday with addiction. Addiction can surely be a life sentence to people who let it consume them. Throughout time, people start depending on the drugs; some people don’t know how to act or think without drugs. This dependence causes bad habits that can lead to losing family, friends, jobs, money, shelter and much more. Addiction and drug abuse can cause many negative effects on the brain, behavior, body, and others around. Teens and young adults have an undeveloped brain. The frontal cortexRead MoreEssay on Burn the Fuse of Drug Abuse667 Words   |  3 PagesAddiction and abuse of drugs have remained an unexplainable circumstance, even till today. A mistaken assumption is that drug abusers lack moral principles, and if given a chance or in the presence of will power, their selections could be altered. In reality, drug addiction is known as a complex disease and requires more than will power or mere good intentions to change. Due to the fact that drug addiction could change the way the brain works, with time, the brain promotes compulsive drug abuse. It is difficultRead MoreEssay Drug Abuse and Mental Health 1194 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance abuse complicates almost every aspect of care for the person with a mental disorder. When drugs enter the brain, they can interrupt the work and actually change how the brain performs its jobs; these changes are what lead to compulsive drug use. Drug abuse play s a major role when concerning mental health. It is very difficult for these individuals to engage in treatment. Diagnosis for a treatment is difficult because it takes time to disengage the interacting effects of substance abuse and theRead MoreEssay on Abuse of Legal and Illegal Drugs2374 Words   |  10 Pages Drug abuse is â€Å"a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress† (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p.114-115). The difference between using drugs and abusing drugs depends on three things, what the drug is for, how much of the drug is used, and the effect that the drug has on the person. Drug abuse typically relates to one using drugs in an excessive manner, whether the drug is legal or illegal. For example, marijuana is illegal in some statesRead MoreEssay on Drug Abuse In the Nursing Profession2211 Words   |  9 Pageshave it. It’s the only disease I know that argues with you and says, ‘ Look, despite all the evidence, you don’t have a problem’ (Kunyk and Austin, 2005, p. 385). All over the world, people suffer from the addictive properties of the many varieties drugs. In the recent decade, increasing amounts of nurses have begun to see the effects of substance usage while on the job. This unpublicized problem that is sweeping nurses in America is a problem that should not be ignored as they are the frontline ofRead MoreEssay about The Prescription Drug Abuse Crisis1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe rate of death due to prescription drug abuse in the U.S. has escalated 313 percent over the past decade. According to the Congressional Quarterly Transcription’s article Rep. Joe Pitt Holds a Hearing on Prescription Drug Abuse, opioid prescription drugs were involved in 16,650 overdose-caused deaths in 2010, accounting for more deaths than from overdoses of heroin and cocaine. Prescribed drugs or painkillers sometimes condemn a patient to lifelong addic tion, according to Dr. Tom Frieden,Read MoreEssay on Effects of Parental Drug Abuse on Children1750 Words   |  7 PagesHeather Swenson Mandy Jesser English Composition I 1 May 2013 Effects of Parental Drug Abuse on Their Children As soon as birth, children are exposed to new things; new life experiences that will develop the path of which direction their life will take. Adolescence is the most important time in a child’s life because it is where they learn appropriate behavior from their family and the outside world. Some children are able to use these experiences to differentiate at an early age what is

Essay on The Environmental Effects of The Oil Industry

The Environmental Effects of The Oil Industry The worst imaginable environmental catastrophe that could occur in Maryland has just become a reality. The lifeblood of Southern Marylands Watermen has been forever affected. The ecosystems of the Patuxtent River and Chesapeake Bay have been irreversibly contaminated. The Three Mile Island and Chernobyl Nuclear Accidents have affected the world ecosystems; but the Chalk Point oil spill has reached us here in Southern Maryland. The ethical considerations with generating electricity from fossil fuels, specifically oil, has a profound impact on us all. We all use electricity to make our lives easier and more productive. By using this electricity have we given our permission for the oil†¦show more content†¦There are two different types of oil spills: crude oil spills and refined oil spills. Crude oil spills are very sticky and break down much faster than refined oil does. Refined oil is very thin and harder to clean up. Oil spills during off shore drilling are the fir st spill source. These spills are not the only sources, there are many spills during transportation and shipping. Clean up of an oil spill is very important and must be done in a quick, effiecient, and ecologically sound manner. What are the effects? What are some response techniques? Is location a factor? What is used to clean up the spills? These are some common questions asked when a spill occurs. There are also positive and negative aspects to consider. Many oil spills occur at sea. This oil immediately begins to move and weather, breaking down and changing its physical and chemical properties. (1) When this happens the oil threatens the surrounding areas. Animals and plant life may be seriously injured. (1) There are many response techniques used in controlling the spread of oil spills. One of the most effective ways to fight spills is the careful selection and the proper use of the equipment and materials best suited to the type of oil and the conditions of the spill site. (2) Most spill response equipment and materials are greatly affected by such factors as conditions at sea, water currents, and the wind. Quick actions and properShow MoreRelatedThere Will Be Blood Movie Relations to Environmental Law and Policy1238 Words   |  5 Pages4/26/2012 Environmental Law and Policy Third Assignment â€Å"There Will Be Blood† Environmental Issues and Connections â€Å"There Will Be Blood† by Paul Thomas Anderson starring Daniel Day Lewis reproduces the early 1900s oil boom in southern California. Daniel Day Lewis plays a man named Daniel Plainview, the very serious boss of a drilling company. After adopting a son early on in the movie for purely business reasons he leads us on the path of innovation and growth within a new industry. His depictionsRead MoreThe Oil And Gas Industry1293 Words   |  6 PagesThe oil and gas industry is characterized by many processes, including exploration, resource extraction, refining, transport, and the trade of products. These resources are important to a number of other industries, and have become vital to the maintenance of industrial civilization. Not only does energy affect the big businesses on the coasts and across the oceans; but it also affects everyday people in rural America, from pump jacks to coal mines. It’s easy to see that technology affects retailRead MoreThe Economic Report On Fracking, Is It Worth It?1465 Words   |  6 Pagesforeign oil and natural gas has created a vulnerability affecting our national security and economic stability. Up until this past decade there was an appreciable decline in our oil and natural gas production in the US and we were tied to world market price fluctuations. Oil prices and natural gas prices rose and fell based on OPEC’s and other large oil and natural gas producers’ production and pricing decisions. Beginning in 2005, things began to change in the US oil and natural gas industry. NewRead MoreThe Giant Bomu Oil Field Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe giant Bomu oil field in Ogoni located in Gokana Local Government Area, which has estimated ultimate recovery of 0.311 billion of barrels of oil and a total of 0.608 billion of barrels of oil equivalent including gas, was discovered in 1958 (Aniefiok et al 2013, Amanyie 2006, and Vassilion 2009). According to Amanyie (2005; 2006), in the late 1950s oil was struck in commercial quantity at Lekuma Khana in Ogoni soil, and in Bomu oil field in 1958. In 1962 and 1963, the Korokoro and Ebubu fieldsRead MoreThe Effects Of Excessive Water Production On Sudanese Oil Fields Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesSudanese oil fields the environmental impacts, treatment solutions and some success) 4.1 – Excessive water production treatment process and environmental impact in Sudanese oil fields: Excessive water production in Sudanese oil fields increased largely in recent years as the oil production increased and the old field matured. Approximately 1.2 million BBL/day of water are produced in GNPOC oil fields [see Figure (3): Sudan oil blocks updated concession map]. Water from the Sudanese oil reservoirsRead More Devastating Effects of the Oleoducto de Crudos Pesados Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesDevastating Effects of the Oleoducto de Crudos Pesados Although relatively small in size, Ecuador is one of the most biologically diverse nations in the world. A drastic range of altitude and geographical diversity in such a small area has resulted in a high number of diverse climactic regions. Because of their very different climates and altitudes, Ecuador’s four main regions, the lowland Pacific Coast, the Andes Mountains, the Amazon rainforest, and the Galapagos Islands, are each home toRead MoreFuture Trends of the Venezuelan Oil and Gas Industry1357 Words   |  6 PagesVENEZUELA OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY (PDVSA) NAME: INSTITUTION: Venezuela is among world’s leading oil and gas industry holders. It is ranked 13th among the world’s largest oil producers and 10th among the exporters. Notably, it has historically been one of the United States largest sources of oil imports. These key contributions in the world attract experts’ opinions about Venezuela’s future trends in the industry. It is majorly dependent on key factors such as the customer needs, state of economiesRead MoreThe Deepwater Horizon Mobile Offshore Wells Exploratory Platforms1537 Words   |  7 PagesBritish Petroleum, on April 20, 2010, or known as BP oil spill. The BP oil catastrophe ignited due to high-pressure methane gas by drilling a deep exploratory at Macondo well, reported by Up Stream Online news. The Gulf of Mexico oil spill still outlasts as a great size accidental marine oil spill in the records of the petroleum industry. The date, report details, and location were based on a doctrine of New York Times. Mult iple consequences of BP oil spill include business, environment of the Gulf ofRead MoreOil And Gas Production And The Effect On The Environment1713 Words   |  7 PagesMuhizi Mberwa Petroleum Fundamental Final Paper Fall 2015 Oil and Gas production and the Effect on the environment The aim of this report is to hypothetically evaluate how oil and gas production can affect our environment. The purpose is to recognize the issues such as pollution, water infection and soil deterioration caused by the extraction of precious fluids for both onshore and offshore production. Then identify its negative effect on the health, economy, and environment change of the planetRead MoreThe Effect Of Hydraulic Fracking On The Oil And Gas Industry1044 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Hydraulic Fracking is an oil and gas extraction process used in the past 60 years. The process consists of drilling the underground until reach a shale layer, and them a high-pressure fracking fluid is injecting in this hole to fracture the rock underground, which will provide oil and gas to be extracted. As a huge extraction process it requires large quantities of water, sand and chemicals, which are to produce the fracking fluid, and in most of the cases all this water and chemicals

The Growing Dependence On Computers Free Essays

Computers have been very helpful to society over the last few decades. Nowadays laptop and desktop computers are used in almost any place, at home, at work, at school, in a car and even in the kitchen. Computers help us in our everyday tasks; they let us socialize with friends from around the world, work from home and even allow us to relax watching a movie or playing a game. We will write a custom essay sample on The Growing Dependence On Computers or any similar topic only for you Order Now However the reliance on them has grown greatly in the last couple of years, as statistics show that the percentage of households with internet and desktops or laptops has increased almost 80% over the last twelve years, which begs the question: is dependence on computers a good habit or should we be more serious about its consequences? Computers make our lives easier and give us the possibility to connect to the Internet and learn new things. They make it possible for us to keep in touch with our friends, shop online or even receive classes online. Machines nowadays make it simpler than ever to organize digital media with only one click, instead of organizing physical discs, which is more time consuming and frequently get damaged. This gives us more time to do more creative or productive things in our life. Additionally, the modern communication system is fully based on computers; we cannot imagine any of this electronic communication without them, for example cell phone networks. This is essential to most of us, since we are always online in chat rooms interacting with our friends or downloading music on the go. So, as computers get better and better, communication and download speeds will increase to enhance our lives. In addition, science and medical research is fully dependent on computers, which help process mathematical calculations quicker and more precisely, for instance cures for HIV and cancer are now being calculated by hundreds of computer so one day there exists a successful treatment for these diseases. Moreover, science experiments like the building of spaceships will be improved because computers will be able, in the future, to compute better ways of building space rockets, which can go farther and quicker to planet like mars which therefore can be tested by astronauts to see if life can continue on that planet. Science and medical research will be more developed as computers become more intelligent and faster. However, on the other hand, there are several arguments against computers. For example, when someone has become addicted or obsessed with a computer. If a person spends too much time in the cyber-world they can become lazy, develop anti-social tendencies and sometimes experience a negative change in behavior, and in severe cases the person will no longer be able to function properly without it. It is common to see the side effects of someone who has spent a long time in front of a screen; they might develop weight gain, strained eyes and headaches, along with other unpleasant effects. Although, it can be argued that it is the fault of the person, rather than of the computer. Nevertheless, most importantly is the safety issue. Social communities like Facebook that allow people to post personal information and photos to the internet can be really dangerous, since anyone with a basic knowledge of computers can see your photos and information. However, probably the most important issue is that our comfort level with computers grows, so everyday we do more things like buying online with a credit card, which again can be accessed by a smart hacker and then use all your money. Yet, these are just a few common examples of issues with computers, which are not harmful or threatening to our own life. In a few decades, however, cars will be driven by themselves, obviously controlled by computers, and what if something goes wrong inside the chip of our car at a high speed? This would be a deadly mistake caused by a computer. Thus, why do we rely so much on computers, which still after many years in the market have still got errors in programming, bugs and threats to new viruses? In my opinion, computers do indeed make our lives easier more often than making it harder, but as we depend more on them it puts ourselves at risk because of the evilness of others. Nowadays, we should only rely on computers when our life is not in danger, since both computers and malicious people can be a threat for any human being, now and probably in the future as well. How to cite The Growing Dependence On Computers, Papers

What Is Drawing free essay sample

What is drawing? According to dictionary, Drawing is a form of visual expression and is one of the major forms within the visual arts. There are a number of subcategories of drawing such as cartoons, monochromatic, color pencil drawing, and other types of drawings. More interesting fact about drawing through reading this book was that it did not come actually part of term art. Drawing was exist for the long time of the period and used as communication, but as times go by, all the people founded old drawing, or the painting and started to invent the term drawing.Dodson was pointed out the drawing as the three major concept as structures. First he pointed out that Looking, holding, and drawing a line is very important. And I absolutely agree the way that he describes the basic ideas was totally the lesson that I learned during drawing I class. The way that look at the objects and the way that holding (or controlling you r pencil or charcoal) and the way that use different style of lines to shade or draw shape was absolutely good point. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Drawing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Second point is about the tones, layout, perspective and artistry. Reading his work and see his example of drawing was absolutely including different types of shading tones, and layout. For my case I am still struggle with the way that control the tone of the pencil. It is really hard for me to deal with it before first semester started, but after I took drawing class I started to understand the value and the layout (such as the negative perspective and the positive perspective. also the way that present composition was another big idea that I learned. It is very important for the drawing especially to show clear presentation with illustration of the purpose. Lastly, he pointed about the media. Drawing is not just about using pencil to draw. It’s true that all the art works foundation is drawing, but not the media. Especially we see a lot of different art styles, and drawing categories. They are all using different tools, papers and the technique. One thing I was not very happy about Dodson was that he did not clearly pointed out about why drawing is so important, and how much important drawing is. But same time I did understand, even though he did not point out all the people knows that art is based on drawing. Again through this book I realized that drawing is was not just simple art term. It makes me think that drawing is the father other all different types of art work. Because it is definitely foundation of every artwork as what I learned and what Dodson pointed out.

Twelve Oclock High Case Study Fiedlers Contingency Theory Essays

Twelve Oclock High Case Study Fiedlers Contingency Theory Jonathon McNeil Organizational Psychology 4/27/2014 12 OCLOCK HIGH: A LEADERSHIP STUDY 1.By applying The Fiedlers Contingency Theory of Leadership, it appears Colonel Davenport showed high levels of LPC, while General Savage displayed low levels of LPC. According to the model strong leaders in wartime are ones that exhibit low levels of LPC. Colonel Davenport had weak skills as far as leading a military crew because of his relationships with his subordinates. He felt they were more than just numbers. His concern was more focused on the group than the task. General Savage changed the mission by restructuring the mission at hand. 2.At the beginning of the movie the mission was failing. The soldiers had weak morale and if something did change immediately the mission was destined to be a failure. Colonel Davenport was trying his best to direct the bomber crew but he was too concerned for his group emotionally that he lost sight of the task at hand. While there was structure it was unfocused and misguided by Davenport. Davenport displayed poor positional power and as a result he lost his rank. When General Savage was appointed he was not concerned with the emotions; he was more concerned with the task and task structure. He proved to take positional power and use it to guide the group. 3.Colonel Davenports ultimate failure was forgetting the serious task at hand. He was too busy worrying about the well-being of the group. There was a great need for task focus. Davenport failed his platoon because he was too relationship oriented. As morale was lacking and subordinates wanted to quit, he was willing to allow them to take leave. Because he had high level of LPC, he was not an effective leader. The best recommendation for Davenport would be to not focus on relationships and to pay special attention to the task at hand. He was well liked by his subordinates and had group unity, therefore; he needed to focus on getting the task completed. Because of his misguided focus he was unable to redirect his group to succeed in the mission due to lack of morale and too heavily focused on his relationship with his subordinates. 4.General Savage turned around the group. He completely restructured the way in which task needed to be performed. His stern leadership does not at first make him well liked. He did not want to hear excuses and refused to have his subordinates to transfer. He made the group do practice mission bombings to gain precision. He demoted people when he felt it was necessary. His tight formation improved group performance. Because of his low level of LPC, he turned out to be a more effective leader than Davenport in this situation.

I Have No Idea What Im Doing at Work

I Have No Idea What Im Doing at Work You’ve been in your job for a little (or a long while) while, and it started out pretty well. You were accomplishing things left and right, learning the ropes. All was well. Then, maybe, there was a new process introduced, or you were given more, somewhat ambiguous responsibilities. Because you were doing so well before, you didn’t even think twice about it†¦ until it became too late to ask someone, â€Å"What am I supposed to be doing, again?† Or until things started to go wrong. By then, the panic sets in. What am I supposed to do now? I have no idea what I’m doing. Feeling like you have no idea what you’re doing, or that you’re irrevocably screwing up, is not an uncommon one. Everyone has had a moment- or a period of time- where they feel like they’re in over their heads. Anyone who claims they haven’t had that is either fibbing, or long overdue for a wakeup call. But just because everyone feels overwhelmed by tasks some times doesn’t mean you have to endure it or let things spiral out of control.Am I An Impostor?â€Å"Impostor syndrome† is the nagging feeling that although you have made it to a certain point, you’re not competent or smart enough to have made it to that point- that you stumbled into your job and your achievements accidentally. This kind of self-doubt is fairly common, especially at work. When things start to feel overwhelming, it can be natural to look for someone to blame- and who’s more accessible than yourself? That self doubt can lead to anxiety about being â€Å"found out† by others, who are every bit as competent and smooth as they appear to be.For more on impostor syndrome:  So how do you cope when these feelings set in? Let’s look at some strategies for what you can do if it’s happening to you at work.1. Understand that you’re not alone.If you’ve messed up on a project or feel like you have no idea what youâ₠¬â„¢re doing, it can feel like the spotlight is trained right on you and your comedy of errors. This will not be helped by the coworker who happens to be killing it right now- getting everything right, pulling down praise, and making it all look so easy. What you need to remember is that at one point, you were that coworker getting things right. And you will be again, too. Plus, Mr. Overachiever will have his bad days as well.Nobody has every part of their job nailed down all the time- if you do, then that might actually be a bad sign, professionally. Everyone’s too busy worrying about their own stuff to judge you. And think about it this way: as hard as you work to keep your uncertainty and feelings of failure from others, you can assume they’re doing the same.2. Don’t panic.The realization that you don’t know what you’re supposed to be doing, or how to fix that, is a scary one. Don’t let it panic you, because panic leads to chronic second- guessing yourself, which distracts you from what actually needs to be done. It can also scare you away from finding logical solutions to your situation and make things even worse.When you feel the downward confidence spiral start, it’s important to recognize that you feel helpless. Once you acknowledge that, you can try to take a step away and work out how to resolve the problem. If you let it go unchecked, you could keep piling mistakes upon mistakes (possibly endangering your job), or get so frustrated that you quit before you know whether you could have fixed things. Neither of these is a combination that leads to professional success or satisfaction. So acknowledging that overwhelming feeling is the most important step, because it can help stop the negative spiral.3. See it as a challenge, not a dealbreaker.While you’re stuck in â€Å"I have no idea what I’m doing† misery, it can be easy to forget that this is an obstacle, not the end of your career. An obstacle is something you can get around. And unless you’re a brain surgeon who finds herself in the operating room after having skipped all of the relevant classes on how to operate, no one will die because you are unsure of what you’re supposed to be doing.4. Fake it ‘til you make it.Mind you, this is not a long-term solution- if you don’t understand what’s going on and don’t do anything to resolve that, eventually someone else will catch on, fulfilling your impostor syndrome doomsday scenario. But if you’re feeling unsure of what you need to do or how to do it, or you know you’ll need more time to figure things out, it’s okay to stall a little. Negotiate a deadline. Use a vague, â€Å"I’m on it†-type confirmation. You don’t need to announce to everyone that you don’t have the first clue what you should do next; you can buy yourself some time to work out your next steps.5. Admit it:  "I don’t know.†If everyone could do everything without guidance, no one would have a manager. Part of your boss’s job is to make sure that you have everything you need to do your own job. While you may be afraid to acknowledge that you don’t know what you’re doing, thinking that your boss will lose confidence in you or worse, it’s important to see your boss as a resource.True, saying, â€Å"I have no idea what I’m doing† will not breed confidence, but you can frame it differently. Try, â€Å"I’m working on X, but I just need some clarification about the best approach. Can we talk through this?† More likely than not, your boss will appreciate your openness and your desire to work through a situation that’s challenging to you. He or she will also appreciate that you’re taking proactive steps to do things better. This isn’t a â€Å"gotcha† game; your boss is invested in you doing a good job .6. Find an ally.If you don’t feel comfortable taking your concerns to your boss or feel like it’s too late to play the â€Å"I just don’t know† card, try finding someone else who can help. Is your colleague a whiz at Excel who  can teach you some tricks to get the info you need? Ask her. Is the person working next to you familiar with how to process orders? Pick his brain. Not only is your buddy’s information likely to help you fill in any gaps, but just talking it out can be useful. You may very well know more than you think you do, and a conversation on the topic might help you make connections that you didn’t realize were there. Plus, it helps with the â€Å"hey, maybe I’m not in this alone† factor.There are some caveats here, though. You don’t want your chosen buddy to feel like they’re doing your job for you. Make sure they’re not busy with their own tasks when you want to talk. Also, don’t p ing them constantly with questions, emails, or sit-down conversations. If you are really lost, try to limit your queries to one or two big ones per day, and try to do whatever you can to follow up and track down additional information on your own.7. Ask specific questions.Try to avoid a panicky, â€Å"What do I do?† Make sure your questions are specific enough to help you get to an answer. (â€Å"Why me?† is never going to be helpful either, trust me. I’ve tried it.) You want your asks to be constructive. Make sure you’ve identified the task or the goal, and what you think are the steps to get there- or at least the next steps. It’s okay to be wrong†¦ that’s why you’re asking questions! But it’s important to have a base of what you think should be happening, if only so that you can correct those assumptions and replace them with correct information as you find it.Here are some examples of specific questions:Is this urgent? What is the timeline? What do I need to achieve as an end result?What step do I think I need to take next?These questions can help you figure out how much space you have to figure things out on your own- or if it’s urgent, whether you need to swallow your pride and get someone for emergency help. You’re likely to get better responses from people if you say, â€Å"Here’s what I believe needs to happen here- can you confirm?† as opposed to, â€Å"Tell me everything I need to do.†8. Check in with others.If you’ve gotten to the point where you feel like you have no clue what’s going on or what you’re supposed to do next, there was a miscommunication somewhere along the line. Either things weren’t communicated fully to you, or you didn’t make it clear that you didn’t understand everything that needed to happen. Either way, there’s no point in dwelling on mistakes or bad communication. All you can do is ma ke sure that moving forward, everyone’s on the same page.This might mean having brief meetings with everyone else involved in a project to make sure that you know what they’re doing, they know what you’re doing, and everyone understands The Plan. It might also just be a regular 10-minute chat with your boss (say, daily or weekly, depending on the timeline and urgency) to say, â€Å"Hey, here’s what I’ve done, here’s how I plan to handle it moving forward, am I heading in the right direction?† This regular, outside feedback can prevent you from feeling totally lost and adrift on your own.These strategies can help you get through that panic moment, breathe again, and figure out how to fill in your knowledge gaps. And once you’ve stopped feeling like an impostor and worked out your battle plan for understanding what you need to do and then accomplishing it, you’ve overcome a challenge that can become a source of pride in yo ur next job interview.However, if you find that you’re often in the position of not knowing what to do or how to do your job, it may be time to consider that you’re not in the right job. This is not to say that you definitely can’t do the job, but rather that the skills and demands are a little too far outside your comfort zone and interest level. You want your job to be challenging, sure, but if it’s all challenges and stress, is this really something you want to be doing for the next year? Five years? Ten years? Constantly feeling confused and overwhelmed might be a big sign that you should find something that fits your skills better.Your career should be about overcoming challenges, and not letting setbacks blow your confidence in your abilities. Even when things seem bleak, you’ve got the tools to work it out. You’re not an impostor, and you’ve got this!

Critical Self-Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critical Self-Reflection - Essay Example It entails adopting a rational, reasonable and ethical perspective of viewing different problems and situations. Regular critical thinking is critical because the natural human thinking process exhibits numerous flaws. Therefore, critical thinking serves as a check for eliminating such laws from the thinking process. Critical thinking must rely on powerful intellectual tools, especially the consideration of concepts and principles. Critical thinking has the potential to develop intellectual traits such as intellectual humility, integrity, sense of justice as well as confidence in reason. Notably, there is always a need for an individual to adopt a higher form of thinking because of the human susceptibility to mistakes and bias. This paper will present a self-reflection on different aspects of critical thinking. Evidently, there are numerous benefits of engaging in critical thinking. Some of the roles of critical thinking bring forth invaluable benefits to an individual. Through critical thinking, it is possible for an individual to identify bias and eliminate it successfully. Moreover, critical thinkers have the potential to recognize logical connections that define ideas and concepts. Moreover, critical thinking is significant when identifying inconsistencies in reasoning. Since critical thinking involves an active process of analyzing a problem, considering the potential solutions, and determine the best solutions, it enables the individual to analyze problems systematically (Riddell, 2007). In a world whereby individuals have an evident need to acquire knowledge, critical thinking can help in the identification of relevance and importance of ideas. I have realized that all human beings have certain stringent belief systems, which serve as barriers of critical thinking. I have the convic tion that critical thinking can play a significant role in assessing the believe systems. Without doubt, critical thinking an important aspect in an individual’s life.

Individual observation program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Individual observation program - Essay Example My main aim was to stimulate his interest, his ability to experience the world around him, and to motivate him to initiate movements outside his comfort zone. Through the assignment, I developed my knowledge and understanding on the movement displayed by the pupil in relation to his sensory impairments. I also gained a greater insight into the relationship between his physical experience and his cognitive abilities. In the course of my study and observations, I was able to uncover the reason why the pupil lacked the motivation to learn. All in all, I feel I am more able to incorporate the immediate environment as well as the activities which can overcome difficulties for pupils in accessing stimuli more effectively. Pupil Z individual observation programme – week 1 I completed a one-week individual observation programme on Pupil Z. In this programme, I decided to take a close look at Pupil Z’s movements. I wanted to find out about his natural movements and the ways in w hich any intentional actions were made. I wanted to gather information on the range of proper actions which can be made in order to ensure that I was making informed judgments about what I was seeing. I also wanted to use such informed judgments before I could develop a plan and implement a more meaningful movement experience for him. I decided I should use my observations and the standardised assessment format. This led me to explore a range of texts relating to the cognitive versus physical development of children, including studies on how pupils with multiple disabilities often suffer developmental delays. This led me to the use of Lillie Neilsen’s â€Å"Function Skills Assessment,† which is a formalised assessment tool highlighting significant milestones in the physical development of young children (Neilsen, 2000). I initially made some observations of Pupil Z while there were no stimuli or objects around him, first, while he was in a supported sitting position, a nd second, while he was on a supine position on the floor. Then I observed him when he explored different objects around him in these positions. I felt that this experience would enable me to compare his natural movements to his other movements when presented with objects and when given support by an adult. I was unable to observe his movement behaviours in the prone position as he did not tolerate being in this position too long and he communicated his discomfort by becoming increasingly distressed and by crying. Observation of Pupil Z’s movements without stimuli Due to his dystonic athetoid cerebral palsy, Pupil Z displayed abnormal involuntary movements that varied in intensity from mild to severe, and which often placed him in abnormal positions. For instance, his fists would often abruptly clench, his arms / hands would twist, and then his legs would stiffen and straighten. In his chair, his feet would straighten and extend for a few seconds and then relax, causing him t o fall back onto his chair. His facial expressions were often quite tense. These events usually appeared in cycles of action and rest, action and rest. These overactive muscle responses often have a negative impact on his energy level, causing exhaustion and decreased energy soon after. Oftentimes, he would sleep after said incidents. When in a supine position (lying on his back), and on the floor where his limbs are free, he also displayed lots of leg movements (e.g. kicking) with his arms straightening out to his sides or moving about from

Presidential Power and Domestic Intelligence Essay

Presidential Power and Domestic Intelligence - Essay Example of 1978 was implemented to guide the people on how to request for a judicial authorization before an electronic surveillance or physical search on a person can be done (FAS, 2012). Based on the original F.I.S.A. guidelines, the local government should first request for a judicial authorization before conducting an electronic surveillance or a physical search on a suspected person. During the Bush administration, there was a conflicting legal issue with regards to the latest intelligence collection practices and the F.I.S.A. guidelines. To correct the gap between the legal issue on electronic surveillance and the actual practice of warrantless domestic wiretapping of phones, tracking of messages from the Internet, the president went out of his way to persuade the Congress to support the need to amend the origninal guidelnes on F.I.S.A. (PBS, 2007). Based on the conversation between Bill Moyers with Fritz Schwarz and Charles Fried, it is clear that Bush was actually manipulating the Congress so that the president can do whatever he decided to do. Even though something is not legal, Bush was using his authoritative power to control the people around the Congress without the knowledge of the local citizens. Regardless of whether or not Bush’s strategy to control terrorism has been effective in serving its purpose, I think that the Bush administration went too far in reforming the domestic intelligence

Performance of Equipment Maintenance Services in Healthcare

Performance of Equipment Maintenance Services in Healthcare Performance Monitoring in Equipment Maintenance Services checklist Title Abstract Method: Introduction Choosing And Using Key Performance Indicators Benchmarking In Clinical Engineering Audit Summary Discussion And Conclusion Abstract The objective of this literature review is to deliver results to the key performance indicators in monitoring the performance of equipment maintenance services. Method: Medical equipment management, health source and Medline were used and the search was conducted using different keywords such as key performance indicators, equipment maintenance services and performance monitoring equipment maintenance services. Introduction The medical equipment management approach defines the strategies for oversight and interaction of the medical equipment’s used in treatment, diagnosis and treatment of patients. All the related procedures and policies govern event from selection to acquisition, incoming inspection and the medical equipment management. The mission is ensuring that the medical equipment used in patient care is affordable, safe, accurate and available. The scope of this plan is clinical laboratories and different health systems. (McDermott 2009) Performance indicators should be chosen with care, if not individuals tend to respond by optimizing what is being estimated and hence lose focus of the quality. There are two important questions that should be asked concerning any performance indicator. First, can the performance indicator in question lead to perverse incentives and does it have the required potential to induce the desirable changes. Key performance indicators help a company measure progress towards their set objectives. (Kyan et al. 2004) Additionally, key performance indicators help an organization present of service delivery to come up with the course of action. Different key performance indicators differ depending with the exact nature of service delivery and the company’s approach. Choosing And Using Key Performance Indicators The right indicators vary depending on the reason why the management is choosing them. All key performance indicators contain numerous hidden assumptions. For instance, the company can quote is a known guaranteed downtime percentage with the inclusion of the time when the equipment will not be required. However, at times statistical measures can be very hard to interpret, while clinical users do not consider the actual time of action. (Willson et al.2008) On the other hand process indicators appear to change more often than those that have been made to support specific improvement, and monitor the key factors affecting to quality of output. Result measures are more bound to estimate the effectiveness of initiatives to boost the service. Reasons for the poor performance should be thoroughly investigated, for instance, a reduction of 15% in monthly number of the exact routine maintenance logged in by the workers could be caused by alternative external demands or slipping internal stand ards. The steps that need to be taken to improve the services include modifying procedures and services, modifying demand or delivering more services. If an indicator has been modified to make it more strong, then it will be very important to maintain comparison with the old for long enough, to find out whether the changes have had any positive impact. Process targets can be interpreted and set in regard to local circumstances, because the detailed practice commonly varies, on the other hand, outcome indicators are directly comparable between the services when similar definitions are used (McDermott et al. 2009) Cost measures are quite sensitive to what the service chosen omits and includes. Across a typical hospital, the annual maintenance cost per item included varies widely. Detailed research will give the right guidelines on where the reduction of cost will be more effective. At this point, a lifetime strategy to costing can greatly help avoid the situation where technicians spend endless hours repairing the same equipment because the clinical staff lucks the funds required replacing it. A great sense of perspective is required, for instance, so that the total amount of time required to find the right technician can be reduced, this will help theatres to avoid great loses associated with the breakdown of equipment. The clinical engineer will be responsible for balancing urgency and cost and justifying his/her actions to the clinical staff (Gruber et al. 2012) Key performance indicators are reported and monitored to the relevant safety committees in the hospital throughput the year to provide feedback to the efficiency of the medical equipment management plan, the following performance indicators can be quite helpful if well used in a clinic set up. Critical life support performance maintenance completion rate, with a 100% goal and a requirement rationale. Second, the overall performance maintenance completion rate, the goal is 90% and the best practice to report and monitor rationale. Third is the service requests caused by user errors or mishandling, with a 10% or less gal of all the service requests that had not been planned, in this regard, the exact number of chances may be synonymous without consideration of the overall volume of all the service requests received. Mishandling mistakes with the exact requirement will have to be evaluated to find out if the trends exist, with the overall ratio that has been tracked over time providing relevant information for risk reduction. Another performance indicator is the equipment failure rendering harm to staff or the parties, the goal is zero occurrences and the best practice to report and monitor rationale (Swan et al. 2004) The next performance indicator chosen is the hazardous investigations, the main reason for choosing this key indicator was getting the right information, the rationale of choosing the hazardous investigation KPI Is all SMDA recalls, reportable events and medical equipment accident investigations will be instantly reported to the relevant safety committees. The next performance indictor chosen was the performance improvement standards. First, clinical engineering is responsible for identifying performance improvement indicators, based on the priorities that have been identified by users of the medical equipment in question, the relevant department and the environment or safety care committee. The environment or safety committee has the sole responsibility of approving the thresholds and monitors on yearly basis. All performance maintenance indicators are reported after every three months to the safety committee. The information provided is then submitted to the governing body involved via the regular reporting channels. All the elements of performance indicators can be changed upon request based on the administrative input, the institutional experience and regulatory change (Willson et al. 2004) Benchmarking In Clinical Engineering Over the years, there has been a lot of benchmarking activity with the clinical engineering sector. Clinical staff and hospitals are continually finding that there are many issues that are pushing them towards benchmarking. In this sector, we shall look at different methods in which benchmarking in the hospitals in used and the most common measures that are available. These different measures fall into different categories depending with the service they are used to measure. The outlined derivation of benchmarking measures differ between different organizations, and checking into the differences is often vibrant than opting to do a direct comparison. This results into a debate when estimate the cost against other relevant performance measures. In addition, they help guide in making evidence based decisions which integrate the quality with the worth of money. (Willson et al. 2004) In Canada, standards for evaluation and measurement of the best clinical engineering services were introduced back in 1998. To put everything in order, the Canadian biological and medical society created a review to boost the sharing of concepts. Another alternative option is making the use of external consultants to measure the service and advice on the utilization of performance indicators and quality systems to enhance it. Audit This is very important to getting and maintaining the highest quality standards. In its simplest terms, the audit compares the current and the intended practice and immediately reports on the difference. For instance, many follow a person through the maintenance process whilst looking out for any deviation from the right procedures, checking out the records and terms to ensure they have been completed successfully. This strategy is relevant to the internal audits and has the capacity of identifying whether the procedure is working as expected, unfortunately, it does not capture the power of exactly what the audit can achieve. (Willson et al. 2004) As a result, an auditor requires some level of incidence without carrying the responsibility of the area being audited single handedly, this is something that is very hard to achieve in small organizations. If this is done successfully, external audits may bring sufficient benefits mainly if the auditing was conducted by an experienced audi tor from another company. In simpler terms, a simple audit process visits are made up of: Preparation and planning: The auditor agrees to the extent of the audit in advance. Opening meeting where the auditor meets with the management representative to discuss the importance of the audit. Audit: Includes visits to several areas, interviews with the organizations staff and examination of the databases. Closing meeting: The audit meets the management to explain and share their audit findings and confirm the queries, indicating how the issues will be resolved. Audit report: The audit writes a conclusive report clearing outline recommendations for improvement. Once both parties agree to the report, it is signed and passed to the relevant bodies. Follow up: The auditor follows up checks out the corrective actions to see whether they have been completed. Organization auditing can be used to measure how technical and scientific procedures are being followed and whether they will give the right results. This perfect type of audit may be conducted by experienced professional bodies under registered national schemes. For instance, thorough checks between radiotherapy determinants for quality assurance schemes and dose delivery. Basically, it looks at the product, so that they can test a complete system that is where it differs to outline quality control. (Willson et al. 2004) Summary In this report, we have identified many reasons why a company should monitor its performance; we have also discussed the importance of integrating monitoring in a top-notch management system. We have vividly described the design of key performance indicators and looked at how they can be implemented in medical equipment management. (We have also outlined the pitfalls associated with developing and interpreting performance indicators and considered their utilization in practice. We have also reviewed how benchmarking can assist organizations enhance their performance. Finally, we have considered how audits should be strategized, what happens during the audit and how different groups of organizations can combine efforts and assist each other with benchmarking and mutual audit activities. (Grubel et al.2008) Discussion And Conclusion One important thing to understand is the fact that key performance indicators are not performance targets. They are put in place as monitoring facilities with the idea of moving towards the direction of the successful implementation of the procedures, policies and process. Performance indicators are categorized into two distinct groups, namely, quantitate and qualitative. (McDermott et al. 2009)There are two things that must be identified in order to use KPIs effectively; these include the points in procedures or process through which the data is gathered to support the equipment monitoring. Secondly, the locations in service where the data gathered should be presented as important information for quality management. KPI’s are important because they enable facilities to have systems in place for better management of medical equipment and devices. A few of the reasons why key performance indicators are used include more complicated, enhanced technical preventative maintenance, regularly needs consistent quality assurance and specialized user training. (McDermott et al. 2009) References McDermott, R. (2009) Key Performance Indicators Medical Devices/ Equipment Management.’ A Case Studies Of Equipment Management. London: Routledge Willson, K., Tabakov, S., Ison, K., et al 2013, â€Å"Medical Equipment Management.† [Online] 1, (1) 274-280. Available from http://www.openbooke.com/ebook/medical-equipment-management.html> [accesed on 30th April 2015] Gruber, S (2012) Exploring Analytical Solutions For Healthcare Improvement [Online]. Healthcare Analytics, New York. Available at: http://healthcareanalytics.info/2012/02/is-it-a-metric-or-a-key-performance-indicator-kpi/#.VUJEvlFMK_I [Accessed on 30th April 2015]

Singer’s Practical Ethics Essay -- Papers Poverty Theory

Singer’s Practical Ethics St. Augustine once stated, â€Å"The superfluities of the rich are the necessities of the poor. When you possess in excess, you possess what belongs to the poor† (Church 3). This quotation expresses that the less fortunate in our world deserve to own a part of all the excess luxuries that are owned by the more wealthy people. Therefore, anything beyond the necessities of life can be considered something that the poor should retain. This idea is very similar to that of Peter Singer, who contends that the injustice of people who live in abundance while others starve is morally inexcusable. He argues that anyone who is able to aid the poor ought to donate in order to help the crisis of world poverty and similar endeavors. Singer explains that if one is already living comfortably, the act of acquiring luxuries to increase pleasure does not entail the same moral importance as saving someone’s life. Since he is a utilitarian, he judges whether acts are right or wrong based on the consequences the action brings. Therefore, if the consequence of the wealthy people’s failure to donate money is that another poor person dies, then that is just as bad as killing them, since they are consciously letting them die. In his work, Practical Ethics, Singer offers his thoughts about one’s obligations to world poverty and suggests what must be done to fix this dilemma. He questions whether it is ethical for people to live a life of luxury while they allow others to barely survive, or even die. In the world today, there are two extremes of world poverty: absolute affluence and absolute poverty. The basic definition ... ...h is distributed in the world. There is no reason why some people should lead such luxurious lives, while worrying about nonessential lavishness, as opposed to one’s survival like those in absolute poverty do. As people who live in a country of absolute affluence, we are all in the situation where we can choose between sacrificing our luxuries to save a child versus living in excess and allowing the poor to die. What if everything that we take for granted was removed from our lives? We would then live day to day as a means to survive, and only then would we truly understand the lives of those in absolute poverty. BIBLIOGRAPHY Denny, Father Jack. â€Å"The Church in Action.† Received in Theology class on April 1, 2004. Singer, Peter. Practical Ethics. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Biography of Martha Rogers

Born on May 12, 1914, Martha Elizabeth Rogers shares the same birthday with Florence Nightingale. Her passion for nursing persisted in 1933 and she received the degree in 1936. Although this was not her first line of choice in pursuit of a career, still she managed to enter a nursing school at Knoxville General Hospital. Her continuing desire in the nursing field had given her several achievements in different schools. For one, she attained a Bachelor of Science Degree in Public Health Nursing at George Peabody College in Nashville, subsequently becoming a Public Health Nurse at the University of Michigan in 1937. She continued her professional studies of Master’s Degree in Teacher’s College Columbia University New York. Soon after, she became a public health nurse in Hartford, CT afterwards, an acting Director of Education. After having a good position in her job as the Executive Director of the first Visiting Nurse Service in Phoenix, AZ, she further fortified her knowledge at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD in 1951. In 1954, Martha Rogers took the place of Head of the Division of Nursing at New York University and edited a journal called Nursing Science in 1963. There were certain affirmations that during this time Rogers were already formulating ideas for her third book An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing (cited in Rogers, 1970). For 21 years, Rogers served as the Professor and Head of the Division of Nursing. Although she retired from service, she continued to serve her role in the development of nursing and of the ideology concerning the Science of Unitary Human Beings until her passing on March 13, 1994 (Martha E. Rogers: A Short Biography, 2008). Science of Unitary Human Beings Dramatically, the progress of Science of Unitary Humans Beings occurred in Europe. Some of the aspects of that improved are the nursing process, quality assurance, primary nursing, and nursing models included in the theory. However, the prevalent progress does not exhibit its full nature rather remains obscure. Primarily, the principle of Martha Roger’s theory is based on non-predominant aspect of nursing practice, research, and education. According to Smith (1989), Rogers’ perspective on nursing practice is â€Å"guided out of a concrete, static, closed system world view.† In other terms, it is seen as reductionistic, analytic, and mechanistic (Biley, 1990). These ideologies did not prevail as traditional means to deliver care but challenged nursing preexisting ideas. Moreover, the ideology of Roger’s has been at a perspective contradicting the overall aspect of care. Mainly, the Science of Unitary Human Beings covers a vast array of subjects from anthropology, mathematics, astronomy, Einsteinian, and philosophy. Hence, many believe that Rogers concept demand a wider range of knowledge incomparable to what Nursing has. They call it an â€Å"outrageous nursing theory† (cited in Thompson, 1990) because its complexity derives those to difficult comprehensive ideology. Nonetheless, Martha Rogers is vied as a genius, as she is referred to as â€Å"a brilliant nurse theorist† and â€Å"one of the most original thinkers of nursing.† (Daily et al., 1989). Significantly, the foundation of Rogers concept, seen in her 1970 book, lays five basic assumptions on man and his life processes. First is Openness, wherein a human being perceived as a whole is a sum more than different of the other parts. Second is Unidirectionality, describing life processes occurring in an irreversible space-time continuum. Third is Pattern and Organization that characterizes individuals through progressive reflection of their entirety. Finally, is Sentience and Thought, which speaks of life, particularly human beings, capable of abstraction and imagery, language and thought, and sensation and emotion (Rogers, 1970). Notably, the theory expanded into the four critical elements, namely energy fields, open systems, patterns, and pandimensionality (cited in Rogers, 1986). Initially, energy fields were described as â€Å"fundamental unit of the living and the non-living† comprised of the human and environment energy field. Consequently, the human field is irreducible, indivisible, and has a pandimensional energy identified by pattern but is specific to whole (cited in Rogers, 1991). On the other hand, the environmental field is expressed as integral with the human field. In effect, environmental field specifies itself with the human field. Subsequently, there is Rogers’ Open systems critical element. In this area, it is described that the open nature of fields is where the interchange of energy and matter exists. In other terms, there is a continuous process inside regardless of energy and matter. The third element is Pattern, which gives insight to the characteristic of the energy field uniquely perceived as a single wave. For instance, is human behavior, a factor of human being that constantly changes; hence, identifying an individual. Another is a pattern constantly changing in the body that may signify a disease, pain or illness. Finally is the critical element called pandimensionality, which is according to Rogers (1991), â€Å"a nonlinear domain without spatial or temporal attributes.† Focusing on this theory, many have remained inconclusive, undetermined, and still incomplete. Although it seems genuinely brilliant, the theory exists as impossible, yet, structuralizes the nursing concept in a depth. Moreover, factors remaining in sight of Science of Unitary of Human Beings somehow do not coincide with the nursing process, even in educational or health care service. Hence, the theory still serves alienation from the nursing profession. Even if it is significant, many find it difficult to understand and implement. References Biley, F. (1990). Theory: An overview of the Science of Unitary Human Beings. Retrieved on February 27, 2008 from UnitaryHealthCare.com. Hektor LM (1989). Martha E Rogers: A Life History. Nursing Science Quarterly 2; 2, 63-73. Rogers ME (1970). An introduction to the theoretical basis of nursing. F A Davis, Philadelphia. Martha E. Rogers: A Short Biography. (2008). Retrieved on February 27, 2008   

13 Expository Essay Topics on Drug Use and Its Consequences

13 Expository Essay Topics on Drug Use and Its Consequences If you are writing an essay on drug use and its consequences, you might be in need of facts. Below are some facts that can help you support your claims: Both psychology and sociology seek to explain drug abuse, and each has their distinct perspective on the subject. The phrase ‘drug abuse’ implies excessive use of a controlled substance, resulting in negative consequences. While sociology emphasizes the possible influence of environmental, cultural and social aspects on drug abuse, psychology seeks to establish factors that exist in a person’s sub-conscious mind as influencing drug abuse. In fact, psychological and sociological factors may account for the prevalence of drug abuse. Defining drug abuse must acknowledge social context. Negative behaviour is connoted by the term ‘drug abuse,’ according to an article from DrugLibrary.org. However, sociology views behaviour as being positive or negative based on the social context of such behaviour. The same behaviour could take on a negative or positive hue, depending on the social circumstances. There are various sociological factors – such as the socio-economic status of a person that could influence drug abuse. For instance, having to cope with adverse environmental or social conditions could drive a person to abuse drugs. A drug abuser might be encouraged by mass media or his/ her peer group, either of which might in some manner validate his behaviour. The psychological perspective explaining the causes of drug abuse focuses on a drug abuser’s inner motivations rather than his/ her social circumstances. Psychology does not allow for the possibility that a drug abuser might deliberately opt to abuse drugs, even to the extent that his/ her behaviour could result in ruining their personal relationships or financial stability. The drug abuser’s behaviour could also lead to their imprisonment, hardly a desirable option. Instead the psychological perspective stresses that the drug abuser behaves as they do because of a biological predisposition to an addiction that is beyond their control. According to the website of the California State University at Northridge, drug abuse is attributable to several environmental and cultural factors that, however, fail to account for all instances of drug abuse. Psychology discounts sociology’s ability to provide an adequate explanation as to why even under similar environmental, social, and cultural circumstances, some people abuse drugs while others don’t. Social interaction among humans is also affected by drug abuse and can have a radical effect on your child’s relations with friends, family members and others. The entire family of a drug-abusing youth is affected psychologically, financially and emotionally. Teenage drug users tend to distant themselves from members of their family as well as from activities involving such family members. Additionally, they set a poor example for younger siblings. Drug use impairs their decision-making ability and judgment, thereby inducing hostility towards their family members and even causing them to steal money from their family members to buy drugs. There is an observed decline in the academic performance of teen drug abusers, who also reveal a greater propensity to absenting themselves from school and related activities. A higher drop-out rate has also been found among drug abusers, according to relevant research. Cognitive and behavioural problems may also interfere with the academic performance of youth who use alcohol and drugs. The academic performance of youth engaging in drug and alcohol abuse is also impacted by behavioural and cognitive problems concomitant with such substance abuse. Teenage drug abusers tend to alienate themselves from peers, and the related stigma is accompanied by the youth’s disengagement from community events and school. Teens who eschew drug use are best advised to keep a healthy distance from those who use drugs. As endorsed by experts, such youth are more likely to become drug users themselves if they associate with drug abusing peers and are exposed to the latter’s delinquent behaviour. There is a perceived correlation between substance abuse and delinquency. Quite often, drug-abusing youth face consequences such as arrest and adjudication, in which case the juvenile justice system intervenes. While a clear causal relationship between substance abuse and delinquency cannot be established or for that matter, even a causal relationship between delinquency and alcohol and drug use there is no denying the fact that the two behaviours are linked. Such linkage between substance abuse and delinquency often leads to youths associating with negative peer groups, in addition to problems in the youth’s domestic and academic environments. Drugs can have a negative and harmful effect on a person’s perception, concentration and motor functions, making drugged driving a major cause for concern. Driving under the influence of drugs can cause potential harm to the driver as well as others, owing to the increased possibility of accidents. For instance, a driver’s mental faculties, under the influence of Marijuana, can stay impaired for as long as three hours after ingesting the drug, which can stay in the driver’s system for as long as 24 hours. Roughly 15% of teen drug users (or one in six such individuals) have confessed to driving under the influence. Behaviour patterns of teens influenced by drug abuse also make them vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS. This may be due to injecting drugs and sharing used needles. Alternatively, it could result from lack of judgment or controlled impulse while under the influence of drugs with mood-altering properties. This in turn would increase the possibility of engaging in sexual behaviour involving greater exposure to risk. Psychosocial dysfunctions such as withdrawal, apathy, developmental lags, and depression are among the mental health problems most commonly associated with adolescent substance abuse. Youth who abuse substances are more likely than youth who desist from drug use to fall prey to mental problems. These include suicidal thoughts that can lead to suicide or attempted suicide, apart from other mental health problems such as personality disorders, conduct problems, and depression. For instance, interference with psychomotor skills, learning, and short-term memory are mental health problems commonly associated with Marijuana use. The possibility drug addiction is never considered by somebody who uses them for the first time. However, almost invariably addiction is a consequence of using drugs that have a habit-forming quality. Addiction leads in turn to loss of judgement and control; stopping use of the drug can cause severe physical and psychological symptoms. These could manifest as stress, unhappiness, irritability and anxiety, among other symptoms. Some drugs could also induce withdrawal symptoms such as bone pain, diarrhoea, flu, tremors and, in rare instances, seizures. The brain function of long-term users of drugs can change pervasively. For instance, long-term use of Ecstasy can result in sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, and memory deficits. It is quite a serious issue to write on. That’s why it’s necessary to use only truthful information. Apply these facts along with the suggested topics on drug use and its consequences to outline a high quality text. But to complete the writing you should make use of our guide on expository essays. Good luck! References: Anderson, M., Coleman, S., Ford, W., Gorsuch, R., Kaplan, H., Kleber, H., Woody, G. (1989). From Theory to Practice: The Planned Treatment of Drug Users.  Substance Use Misuse,  24(2), 123-166. doi: 10.3109/10826088909047280 Barlow, J. (2010).  Substance misuse: The implications of research, policy and practice. London: Jessica Kingsley. DeSimone, J. (2002). Illegal Drug Use and Employment.  Journal of Labor Economics,  20(4), 952-977. doi: 10.1086/342893 Everett, T., Donaghy, M., Feaver, S. (2003).  Interventions for mental health: An evidence-based approach for physiotherapists and occupational therapists. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann. Ghodse, H., Guse, S. B., Helmchen, H. (1999).  Substance misuse. London: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Millhorn, M., Monaghan, M., Montero, D., Reyes, M., Roman, T., Tollasken, R., Walls, B. (2009). North Americans Attitudes Toward Illegal Drugs.  Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment,  19(2), 125-141. doi: 10.1080/10911350802687075 Na;. (1988). Substance misuse.  Current Opinion in Psychiatry,  1(3), 381404. doi: 10.1097/00001504-198805000-00019 Pilgrim, D. (2005).  Key concepts in mental health. London: SAGE. Primack, B., Kraemer, K., Fine, M., Dalton, M. (2009). Media Exposure and Marijuana and Alcohol Use Among Adolescents.  Substance Use Misuse,  44(5), 722-739. doi: 10.1080/10826080802490097

Outsiders in their respective societies Essay Example

Outsiders in their respective societies Essay Example Outsiders in their respective societies Essay Outsiders in their respective societies Essay Essay Topic: The Outsiders Crooks plays a significant part in the novel, Of Mice and Men, Crooks is considered the lowest man on the totem pole on the ranch. He desperately needs companionship and equality. He has the intelligence of any of the workers, but they dont listen to him because he is black. Crooks is a very lonely and bitter man who has got a crooked back where a horse kicked him, (Hence his name) His eyes lay deep in his head, and because of their depth seemed to glitter with intensity. His face was very lean and lined with deep black wrinkles. His lips were lighter than his face. Crooks is the stable Buck on the ranch, he usually keeps to himself out in the barn. Being black makes life for Crooks extremely strenuous, He lived in California as a child and has felt the pains of racism his entire life. Although he did play with other white boys as a child, society soon cast him aside. His name is the first sign that Crooks will be portrayed as an outsider, as Crooks is not a real name. This shows us that the other farm workers have given him this name as a nickname to give him an inferior status, and to cast him out of their group.In the 30s when the book was written black, Afro-Americans were seen as outcasts and lesses humans that whites. Steinbeck, who, when he wrote the book, lived in a very unsympathetic society, used the book to bring about his doubts, concerning the views of his piers. The society in which Steinbeck lived was such that nigros were treated as animals and little more, he tries to portray this in the way that Crooks is treated in the novel, Stable Buck-ooh, Sta-able buck! and then: Where the hell is that god-damn nigger?This effectively shows how Steinbeck attempts to display how his society treats those that I see as being inferior to them as they would do animals. In the novel Crooks lives in the Stable next to where the horses are kept, this is a physical reminder of his position on the ranch, the way that his home is physically far from that of the others, and that it is such deterioration in standards. Crookss quarters are smelly and dirty, again reinforcing his inferiority to the others.In his stable he also has a collection of commodities that would not normally be associated with a ranch laborer, in the plot it is indicated that he intends to stay on the farm due to his crooked back, and not move to a new ranch when work there is completed a s George and Lennie do. This is a method used by Steinbeck to isolate Crooks from the other workers. As is the way in witch he is given a different job than George and Lennie, as a disabled worker he can only complete menial tasks such as looking after the horses, degrading his usefulness and thus pushing him away even further.Although Jane Eyre is as much an outsider in her society as Crooks is in his, they are in completely different circumstances, but as with of mice and Men Jane Eyre is treated as an inferior person, but for different reasons. Jane was orphaned as a young girl and as such was sent off to live with her aunt at Gateshead Hall, where in her own words, was at a discord at Gateshead hall: I was like nobody there; I had nothing in harmony with Mrs. Reed, or her children, or her chosen vassalage. This bad temperament as portrayed by Bronte is a device to isolate Jane from the rest of the family by using her opposing views and unwillingness to play or converse in a reas oned discussion with the Reed children. This is amplified when she is not allowed to play with the Reed childrens toys even when she wants to, just as Crooks is not allowed to sleep in the bunk house. Janes attitude right from the beginning of the novel when Bronte pictures her refusing to go on the walk and again disrupting the harmony of the family.Bronte uses Jane as Steinbeck used of Mice and Men, to give the public their view on how outsiders were treated, however rather than racism, Bronte, who herself had to publish under a false name to avoid the stigma of her society, tackles sexism and the class system. Jane who comes from a fairly habitual background, and being female has to suffer the same stigmata that her author did, this pushes her to the edge of her social order.The way that Jane has changed from a bleak Landscape to the relative comfort of an upper class mansion, focuss her isolation when she looks back on her past as she looks out to the desolate past that is the f rosty garden. Also the Language that Bronte gives Jane to use such as What does Bessie say I have done? and what do you want, Mr. Reed, I said with awkward defiance, Is very composite for a young girl.It is also very defiant to speak to those that have taken her in such a manner, constructing a feeling of seclusion around her yet again, reinforced by her preferring to read alone in the study behind the curtain as she looks out to her past, and future, bleakness. Both Bronte and Steinbeck use the stigmas of their time to great effect in the respective novel to create the desired isolation of their characters. What they have in common is their desire to break these stigmata, Steinbeck the cruelty of racism in the southern states and Bronte the constraints of sexism in the upper echelons of society.

Education Enquiry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Education Enquiry - Assignment Example On the other hand, Burton, Smith and Woods article talks of a research carried out to determine how teachers working with student improved the student’s participation through pupil-led approach. The research also emphasizes on how educational psychiatrists and teachers are valuable in promoting young people and children understand and apply research skills while working alongside teachers in classroom. Kellett’s research involved young people with disability expressing their view while it mostly entailed disabilities exploring their experiences of youth democracy and meaningful participation in decision?making forums (Kellett 2010, p.31). The paper draws on theoretical frameworks of participation and voice; however, its primary focus is to celebrate and value research undertaken by these marginalized young people. Burton, Smith and Woods article on the other involves modeling young people and children to act as research in a way to improve their participation within whe re their work, live or receive services. These researchers established that educational psychiatrists and teachers played a big role in improving the children participation in the research they did. In both of these researches, the scale and scope of them were appropriate in the research they took. In both research articles, both authors try to explain what their research questions entailed and a summary of their main findings (Burton, smith, Woods 2010, p.92). From my point of view, Burton, Smith and Woods abstract was a well written one and was written in good language (Burton, smith, Woods 2010, p.92).. There is good use of English and there wording is appropriate in conveying the information they were supposed to convey in their research abstract. Kellett’s abstract shows not well written since the main aim of the research is not clearly understood by the readers (Kellett 2010, P.31). The adequacy of Burton, Smith and Woods abstract is good and can even motivate others to read their research. The expression of the main idea in Kellet’s abstract is obscure since what he was doing and what he found are not clearly illustrated. Though Kellet’s topic is appealing, but his wording is poor in expressing what he achieved. The two did not have keywords. From my point of view, Kellett’s article abstract should have had the key words learning disabilities, children, participation and voice since they carry the main theme of the research work. Basically, the research was aimed at finding the experiences of the young people in exploring their past experiences of youth democracy plus any meaningful participation in matters dealing with decision making (Kellett 2010, p.31). Burton, Smith and Woods abstract should have had the words, participation, EPs, teachers and children. These would be appropriate because the research also emphasized on how educational psychiatrists and teachers are valuable in promoting young people and children understa nding. In addition, the teacher’s participation in building the teacher’s motivation should also have been a key figure in writing the keywords as they would assist in searching other similar items in the library search engine or the internet (Burton, smith, Woods 2010, p.92). On using Kellett’s keywords that I generated and typed them on the search

Should school uniforms be mandatory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should school uniforms be mandatory - Term Paper Example studies and school experiences have proved that uniform dress code can play pivotal roles in controlling and rather minimizing the threats of violence. This article explains why school uniform is mandatory and how it benefits students and parents in achieving progressive academic performance and improved discipline. Relevant studies showed that one in four students reports that they were worrying of becoming a victim of crime and one in eight reports having been victimized at schools (King, 1998). Enforcing uniform dress code has shown moderate success in controlling the violence. How do clothes that students wear and rate of violence in schools relate? Fashion trend, especially at urban schools and gang-related clothing have been found to have significant roles in violence as gang-related children and gang-belonging groups frequently roam streets, enter schools and involve in violence. Their baggy pants and oversized shirts are often used to hide weapons and cause severe dangers on others. Strong enforcement of uniform code in schools will certainly reduce the violence and thus improve academic performance as well. California’s Long Beach School District, that comprises of more than 50 schools and 60,000 students, has implemented uniforms for all its students. Since it made uniforms mandatory for its students, district officials have found that discipline issues decreased dramatically, school crimes decreased by 36%, sex offenses by 74 %, weapon offenses by 50%, physical fights by 51%, vandalism by 18% and assault and battery by 34% (King, 1998) Some parents and students argue that enforcing uniforms in turn violates the rights of children to wear dresses according to their wish and denies freedom of expression (Craik, 2005, p. 70), despite the fact that an Arizona court held that a mandatory school uniform policy is constitutional and school’s policy and rules are merely ‘content-neutral’ (Alexander and Alexander, 2005, p. 377). When they argue for

Compare film messages Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare film messages - Assignment Example This is actually contrary to the main goal why the unions were established, helping people gain their rights like safe working conditions and wages commensurate to their efforts. The boss of the dock, Johnny Friendly can be said to be the Moneybag, making profits at all costs. Johnny engages in serious acts of murder, hiring people selectively. The people are filed with much terror and cannot testify against Johnny in the court. However, this silence is broken when Terry unites the people against Johnny and their strength helps to root out these leaders, which illustrates how people with unity of strength cannot be derailed by any kind of obstacle. The â€Å"Front,† refers to a comedy drama and film concerning some of the Hollywood artists that had been blacklisted in the times of live television. During this time, some of the famous directors, artists and writers had been rendered unemployable after being accused of being in support of Communism (Kasdan 65). One New York City cashier in a famous restaurant in the 1950s, Howard Prince has a friend that works for a television, since this friend is blacklisted, he requests Howard to write his name as the producer of some of the TV scripts (Kasdan 56). Howard agrees since he knows he will be entitled to s percentage of the proceeds. The scripts are accepted since they have a person not blacklisted. Later Howard lands in trouble with the Committee that investigates the entire production and programming (Dickos 67). He is made to face the reality of this industry, but accepts it gracefully since he had made some proceeds out of it. In the â€Å"Double Indemnity† film, the authors and directors of this film have used a very dark tone, which features in both thematic and visually. It illustrates of a hero that is led the wrong direction through lust and greed as well as fame. The indemnity film has made a great use of the shadows, which portray

Revenue Generation in Local Government Councils in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Revenue Generation in Local Government Councils in Nigeria Essay Local governments are potentially very important for Nigeria as they play a significant role in generating revenue and encouraging civil involvement, as well as creating a visible link between taxes and service delivery. The increasing cost of running government coupled with dwindling revenue has left various local governments in Nigeria with formulating strategies to improve the revenue base. Despite the numerous sources of revenue available to the various tiers of government as specified in the Nigeria 1999 constitution, since the 1970s till now, over 80% of the annual revenue of the three tiers of government comes from petroleum. However, the serious decline in the price of oil in recent years has led to a decrease in the funds available for distribution to the states and local governments. The need for state and local governments to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance. The need underscores the eagerness on the part of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for new sources of revenue or to become aggressive and innovative in the mode of collecting revenue from existing sources. The general concern over the seemingly slow development of the rural areas in Nigeria has created a doubt as to the relevance of local governments in Nigeria whose primary function was to effect a representative government faster to all areas of the state land. Inadequacy of funds for various developmental projects stands as the cause for these shortcomings despite the increasing revenue allocation from the Federation accounts to the local governments. Hence the reason for the various avenues granted the local governments to generate revenues themselves. This essay is being carried out to appraise and evaluate revenue generation in the local governments, particularly the internally generated revenue (IGR) to point out its adequacies, inadequacies and give recommendations where necessary. It study seeks to:- * Identify the various sources of internal revenue available to local government council; * To examine the prospect of improving the internally generated revenue of local government council; * Spotting of factors militating against effective revenue collection in the local government; and * Proffer solution to identified problems. Good governance is good money. Revenue generation can play a significant role in improving local government efficiency and reducing local government dependency. This essay would provide positive suggestion on how to improve the financial position of the local government councils. Secondly, it will provide useful suggestions on how to effectively manage problems of revenue generation. Thirdly, it will provide useful suggestions on the budgetary control system the council can embark upon. Lastly, this work will help researchers, individuals, organizations, higher levels of government and also local government councils on how to enable them meet their obligations. The theory of public finance is a field of economics that is concerned with paying for collective or governmental activities, and with the administration and design of those activities. The proper role of government provides a starting point for the analysis of public finance. In this view, public sector programs should be designed to maximise social benefits minus costs, then revenues needed to pay for those expenditures should be raised through a taxation system that creates the fewest efficiency losses caused by distortion of economic activity as possible. In the light of the above, the focus of this essay is on revenue generation in local government councils with particular reference to Ikenne local government, Ikenne. This work will embrace an examination of the internal and statutory source to the total revenue. This work was intended to cover all the twenty (20) local government in Ogun State, but because of limited time frame and the unavailability of some records due to negl igence on the side of the staff, the focus will be on Ikenne Local Government only. This work will begin with the intention of developing an initial understanding of the opportunities and potential for revenue generation. To do this, the revenue generation constraints faced by local governments, perceptions of local governments, the importance of revenue, various revenue generation and service delivery will be appraised. This study will attract data from both primary and secondary sources. The data from primary sources will include those obtained from personal interviews. Secondary data would be obtained from budget speeches of council chairman, existing records in the council, journals, and CBN annual financial publications.

Study into the Prevalence of FGM in Nigeria

Study into the Prevalence of FGM in Nigeria 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Data The Nigerian Demographic Health Surveys (NDHS) of 2013 supporting evidence and additional sources of data from published reports of NDHS 2013 have been used in this study. Datasets for 2013 Nigerian DHS were downloaded following approval from measuredhs.com. Authorisation was obtained via registering with measuredhs.com, requesting permission to use datasets. Permission to use data was granted via email. (Appendix I). Demographic Health surveys have been ongoing for over 30 years in over 90 countries with over 300 surveys aimed at fostering global knowledge of health and population trends in developing countries. DHS surveys are nationally representative household surveys in women aged 15-49 (and sometimes men aged 15-49) which yield internationally comparable data on health indicators in developing countries. Datasets produced from this surveys are owned by measuredhs.com as part of the projects implemented by Macro International, with its funding from USAID. In most countries the DHS surveys are conducted every five years providing retrospective estimates of four years including year of study, with large samples from households through face to face interviews using standardised questionnaires designed to gather information on female genital cutting, maternal and child health, nutrition, HIV/AIDS, family planning, gender, malaria as well as the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. DHS surveys involve large samples In Nigeria, the National Population Commission (NPC) representing the Federal Government of Nigeria, conducts the survey with technical assistance from Macro International. The purpose of this data collected is to direct policy making, planning, monitoring and evaluation of programmes. Two phases are involved; First phase involves enumeration of urban and rural areas in clusters based on national population distributions. Eligible households are selected using systematic sampling, allowing for a large sample to achieve statistically significant results (Hajian-Tilaki, 2011). The second phase involves data collection using the three standard DHS questionnaires (household, women and men questionnaires). In the Nigerian Demographic Health Survey 2013, data was collected over five months, completed questionnaires were then edited, processed in CSPro computer package and all that was cleaned. This ensures accuracy of information and confidentiality to participants. Data collected is standardized by weighting adjusting for over and under sampling to produce representative results (NDHS, 2013). The NDHS 2013 facilitates a comprehensive picture of the current global trends on knowledge and prevalence of FGM among women and their daughters, types of circumcision, age at circumcision, and attitudes toward the practice to be constructed. Prior to NDHS Surveys of 2013 there were subsequent surveys in 1999, 2003, 2008 which collected data on FGM. This surveys reported prevalence of FGM in Nigeria amongst women age 15 to 49 as shown in table below: Table 2.1 showing prevalence of FGM in Nigeria from NDHS surveys. The prevalence of FGM in Nigeria from 2003 to 2008 recorded an increase and this was partly from the use of a new definition for what constitutes as FGM and also differences in the data available for selecting the sample. Interviewers used in the northeast of Nigeria included local forms of cutting and scraping of the vaginal walls in their definition of what constitutes FGM. The data bases for selecting the samples for the Nigeria DHS of 2003 and 2008 were relatively different, hence that made the distribution of the samples by region variant. (Yoder et al 2013). In the 2013 NDHS, the definition of FGM explicitly followed the WHO definition of FGM. In dissecting trends linked with FGM in Nigeria, it is unlikely that comparing prevalence of FGM using Nigeria DHS over years will give valid reasons for the trends over the years due to differences mentioned earlier (NDHS, 2013). 2.2 Variables The drivers of FGM from previous studies identified as mix of cultural, religious and social factors within families and communities. The variables of interest in this study are those related to these drivers of FGM and are classified as social, cultural, economic and geographical factors (WHO, 2014). For effective analyses some of the variables have been recoded. A full list of variables is attached in Appendix II. The outcome or dependent variable considered in this analyses is FGM; whether a woman had FGM or not. Other secondary outcomes of interest in this study is who performs FGM, perspectives and opinions on FGM were also examined (further categorized in table 2.1). The main independent variable in this study is Age at time of survey which serves as an indicator of the birth cohort of the participant. The exposure variables of interest in this study- residence, region- in order to analyse subpopulation trends. Other variables included in this study religion, ethnicity, education and wealth. The variable wealth index, measures a household relative economic status. This is calculated by a process which recodes and pools together data on household assets such as type of toilet, ownership of durable goods, etc. to produce a continuous standardized scale. This variables although not exhaustive have been selected because of their association with culture, socio-economic status which have an impact on the FGM practice (WHO, 2014). The relationship examined in this study will use the following variables Table 2.1 Definition and categorization of variables. *Types of FGM in table above (a) type I and II; flesh removed from genital area (b) type IV; genital area nicked no flesh removed (c); type III genital area closed. WHO classification for FGM (WHO, 2014). **All major ethnic groups in Nigeria and FGM practicing groups of significance from NDHS 2013 survey. 2.2 Data Analysis 2.2. 1 Conceptual Framework for analysing trends linked with FGM in Nigeria (WHO, 2014; NDHS Reports, 2013). The framework for analysis of trends linked with FGM will take in to cognizance sociodemographic factors that can confound or mediate the practice of FGM in Nigeria. This factors are shown below: Figure 2.1 above showing conceptual framework for analysis of FGM trends. 2.4 Data Analysis All analyses in this study were computed using SPSS v.22. The Data was weighted and complex sampling procedures used to minimise errors from sampling techniques used in NDHS 2013, thus ensuring results are valid (IBM 2015). The sampling weight was used for all analysis. A major part of the analyses involved handling of data using syntax files, a programme of orders which automatically computes analysis and can be saved. Some programmes used for the analyses can be found in Appendix III. The following statistical analysis were carried out to achieve the aim and objectives of this study: 2.4.1 Descriptive Analysis The analysis examined the following areas: General distribution of background characteristics of women age 15-49: frequency of background characteristics General Distribution of FGM related perspectives and opinions- frequencies of perspectives and opinions in the following: Ever heard of FGM Age women had FGM Prevalence of FGM including types Who performed FGM Number of daughters with FGM Beliefs on FGM required by religion Views on if FGM practice should continue or stop. Trends of FGM prevalence including types of FGM: percentage of women with FGM and its relationship by background characteristics, percentage of types of FGM and its relationship by background characteristics. Trends of perspectives and opinions on FGM by background characteristics: as listed above from b i, ii, iv, v, vi and vii. Trends of beliefs on FGM required by religion: percentage of women with FGM by beliefs on FGM required by religion Trends on opinions of FGM practice should stop or continue: percentage of women with FGM opinion on practice should stop or continue Trends of perspectives and opinions on FGM by age. Besides percentages and confidence intervals, chi-square test for trends are computed to ascertain the statistical significance of these associations. 2.4.2 Logistic regression analysis The variables on women background characteristics and perspectives of FGM were fitted into regression models in order to determine the extent they predict the outcome i.e. having FGM (b) to ascertain if the practice is declining or increasing by birth cohorts. This form of analysis involves computing bivariate and multivariate analyses using the main outcome FGM as the dependent variable and the previous variables (i.e. background characteristics) as the independent variables. In the bivariate analysis all independent variables except region were fitted into the model to estimate the crude trends in having FGM. Region was exempted to minimise confounding. A multivariate analysis involved fitting the same variables into the model controlling for age, education, ethnicity, economic status (wealth), urban-rural residence, and religion. The aim is to ascertain the relative importance of each variable as a predictor of having FGM. The reference categories for each variable fitted into the regression model are: age (15-19) education (no education), ethnic group (others), Residence (rural), religion (Islam), wealth index (richest).