Arts and Socitey essays

Organizations and Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Associations and Behavior - Essay Example At Tesco the attention is on youngsters and thus it takes a gander at giving the chances to the individuals in their working lives. Culture enables the workers to tie them along with their partners, clients and their networks. They target making trust by having a culture which is secured in truth. Tesco have the way of life which is described by an aggregate want to make the best choice. Right culture has helped Tesco steer their business the correct way by they way they serve their associates, clients and networks. In Tesco in the budgetary area there is an administrator or a representative who needs to follow the structure of the association. The choices are made by the administration all through the working day and it impacts the structure and practice of every single other representative in the organization. There are both inner and outside components which spur a worker. The inside elements incorporate correspondence, inspiration while the outer variables incorporate motivations and deals target. Correspondence is urgent and is significant for the representatives to have the option to practice their right. Further the whistle blowing approach at Tesco helps raise moral issues and report complaints. Tesco comprehends the significance of inspired staff and supports the staff with a work-life balance through adaptable working, rebate exercise center enrollment and so on. Tesco offers serious pay rates at all the levels and offers an entire bundle in manners that help the representatives get more cash-flow, take care of their wellbeing and protect their future. The correspondence of Tesco ought to guarantee that proper correspondence strategies are set up and work successfully in building and ensuring the notoriety of the Group both inside and remotely. It ought to have an organized correspondences program to furnish the associates with lucidity on issues. The Board of chiefs should survey the exhibition focuses for the present year and offer honors to workers to guarantee that they stay persuaded to the

Sample on Human Resource Management in the Public Sector

Sample on Human Resource Management in the Public Sector Human Resource Management in the Public Sector Sep 13, 2019 in Management Introduction In these turbulent times of today, organizations are faced with numerous challenges and difficulties that affect their day-to-day operations, competitiveness, growth and expansion. Although many organizations are able to identify and exploit new opportunities for growth and success that may arise due to changes in environmental factors such as technological advancement, increased access to capital, ability to identify and exploit core business competencies, formulation and implementation of supportive laws and regulations by the federal and state governments, many organizations are still faced with the problem of proper management of human resources. For instance, most organizations are not able to recruit and retain a pool of highly qualified and skilled workers. Chat now Order now Human Resource Management Human resource management (HRM) refers to the process of organizing, controlling and coordinating the workforce of an organization. The main functions of human resource management are attraction of potential workers, selection and recruitment, training and appraisal of works in an organization (Mondy Mondy, 2010). Human resource management also encompasses the provision of appropriate rewards and benefits to employees. The workforce or human resources are core components of any organization. Thus, it is necessary for organizations to develop appropriate strategies for their human resources. This calls for proper management of workers through human resource management. Mondy, Noe and Gowan (2008) also affirm that human resource management plays an integral part in contributing to the success and growth of an organization. Some of the major activities in human resource management include human resource planning, recruitment and job design. Human Resource Planning Human resource planning refers to the process of finding out the current and future human resource needs that are needed by an organization to enable it achieve its goals and objectives (Armstrong Armstrong, 2011). Human resource planning is a continuous process of systematic planning that aims at optimizing the use of human capital or resources in an organization. According to Mathis and Jackson (2010), human resource planning involves setting strategies, policies and procedures for effective management of human capital in an organization. Proper human resource planning also facilitates decision-making processes in an organization. Recruitment Employee recruitment refers to the process of finding and hiring the best qualified candidate for a given job position in an organization (Brown, 2011). Recruitment should be conducted in a timely and cost-effective manner. Employee recruitment requires detailed analysis and assessment of organizational needs. It also deals with proper attracting of potential workers to a job position, selecting and screening applicants in order to hire the most qualified candidate for the post, and training newly employed workers. Employee recruitment is the process of acquiring suitable workers who are qualified and well skilled to work for an organization (Arthur, 2011). Employee recruitment also involves discovering the qualifications and capabilities of potential employees in order to determine their suitability for various positions in an organization. In my view, recruitment of employees is one the most critical activities in management of organizations. This is because organizations require the best workers that are capable of meeting the needs of an organization at the workplace in order to succeed. Therefore, an organization should recruit only people, which it believes have the potential to drive success and growth in the organization. Proper recruitment of workers in an organization would enable an organization to create a pool of skilled workers and increase its knowledge base. This leads to greater performance and competence. Job Design Job design refers to the process of systematically organizing or categorizing related tasks, responsibilities, functions and duties for a given job position in an organization. According to Fried (2012), job design is a continuous process of integrating related tasks and duties of a job in order to achieve certain objectives. Job design is an arrangement of work that is aimed at reducing or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee alienation in an organization which would be caused by performing repetitive and mechanistic tasks. Fried (2012) defines job design as the process of putting together various elements to form a job. Job design also enables organizations to increase levels of productivity by offering non-monetary rewards to the workers. According to Cooper (2007), job designs are usually created to facilitate achievement of high level of job satisfaction among workers. The needs of an organization and requirements of workers are some of the major factors that are consider ed during a job design. According to Fried (2012), employers have a direct impact on job design strategies. Employers are responsible for identifying the favorable qualities, characteristics, behaviors and attributes of potential employees needed by an organization. This impacts the types of candidates that are recruited for different roles in a company. In the same way, employers are also responsible for choosing the most suitable candidates for vacant positions in an organization. This directly impacts the quality of workers in an organization. Challenges in Integrating and Maintaining the Above Human Resource Practices in the Australian Agricultural Company Australian Agricultural Company Limited is a public corporation based in Australia that specializes in beef farming and processing of beef products. The Australian Agricultural Company Limited was founded in 1824 through an Act of the British Parliament (Dun Bradstreet, 2009). The company is headquartered at Brisbane. One of the greatest challenges faced by the Australian Agricultural Company in integrating and maintaining human resource planning within its operations is lack of proper integration and implementation strategies. For example, the company does not have adequate human resource management plans for linking job performance with payment of workers. For example, the Australian Agricultural Company has failed to fulfill its roles during recruitment of workers. This has led to a rate of employee turnover in the company. This has negatively impacted the operations of the company. High employee turnover at the company has also led to an increase in operational costs and total expenditures incurred by the organization because of high costs of recruiting and training of new workers. The company has also not been able to develop appropriate human resource plans that would lead to an increased motivation of its workers. Other serious challenges faced by the Australian Agricultural Company during recruitment of employees include the inability to attract potential employees, inability to ascertain whether job applicants have the right skills and capabilities needed for various positions in the organization, and inability to retain workers. In my view, effective human resource planning would help in improving the performance of workers in the organization; hence, resulting in an increased productivity. Another difficult challenge faced by the Australian Agricultural Company during the integration of human resource management practices with the organization is lack of proper leadership. In my opinion, proper leadership is necessary for effective development and implementation of suitable policies and strategies for managing human capital in the organization. For example, the organization should adopt participative and democratic leadership styles which would facilitate involvement or active participation of workers in the decision-making processes. This would highly motivate the workers by giving them a feeling of recognition, value and importance in the company. .chat-now-banner { background: #ec5c63; position: relative; overflow: hidden; text-align: center; } .chat-now-banner::before { display: block; content: ''; position: absolute; left: -170px; right: 50%; top: 0; bottom: 0; background: #04b5af; transform: skewX(45deg); } .chat-now-banner table { position: relative; color: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; } .chat-now-banner .btn.btn-primary { background: #ffffff; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 36px; color: #ec5c63; box-shadow: none; border-radius: 6px 0 6px 0; padding-left: .75rem; padding-right: .75rem; } .chat-now-banner-problem, .chat-now-banner-solution span { position: relative; } .chat-now-banner-problem { padding-left: 50px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { padding-right: 50px; } .chat-now-banner-problem::before { content: url('/images/banners/chat-img1r.png'); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; left: 20px; top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%); } .chat-now-banner-solution span::after { content: url('/images/banners/chat-img2.png'); display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; position: absolute; left: 110% } .chat-now-banner-solution span { white-space: nowrap; } .chat-now-banner td { text-align: center; } @media all and (min-width: 1600px) { .chat-now-banner-solution div { display: inline; } .chat-now-banner .btn.btn-primary { margin-left: 15px; } } @media all and (max-width: 1599px) { .chat-now-banner-problem, .chat-now-banner-solution span { line-height: 1; } .chat-now-banner-problem { line-height: 35px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { line-height: 35px; } .chat-now-banner td { vertical-align: top; padding: 20px 5px 10px; } } @media all and (min-width: 1250px) and (max-width: 1599px) { .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: block; } } @media all and (max-width: 1249px) and (min-width: 993px) { .chat-now-banner .btn.btn-primary { margin-left: 0; } .chat-now-banner { height: auto; max-width: 480px; margin: 0 auto; background: linear-gradient(to right top, #ec5c63 0%, #ec5c63 50%, #04b5af 50%, #04b5af 100%) } .chat-now-banner::before { display: none; } .chat-now-banner-problem { padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-problem::before { left: -1px; top: 87%; transform: translateY(-50%); } .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: block; position: absolute; right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner td { display: block; } .chat-now-banner td:nth-child(2) { display: none; } .chat-now-banner td:last-child { padding-top: 13px; padding-bottom: 17px; } .chat-now-banner td:first-child { text-align: right; } .chat-now-banner-problem { display: inline-block; padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { width: 50%; } .chat-now-banner-problem { padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { padding: 0; } } @media all and (max-width: 992px) { .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: block; } } @media all and (max-width: 699px) { .chat-now-banner .btn.btn-primary { margin-left: 0; } .chat-now-banner { height: auto; max-width: 480px; margin: 0 auto; background: linear-gradient(to right top, #ec5c63 0%, #ec5c63 50%, #04b5af 50%, #04b5af 100%) } .chat-now-banner::before { display: none; } .chat-now-banner-problem { padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-problem::before { left: -1px; top: 87%; transform: translateY(-50%); } .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: block; position: absolute; right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner td { display: block; } .chat-now-banner td:nth-child(2) { display: none; } .chat-now-banner td:last-child { padding-top: 13px; padding-bottom: 17px; } .chat-now-banner td:first-child { text-align: right; } .chat-now-banner-problem { display: inline-block; padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { width: 50%; } .chat-now-banner-problem { padding-right: 15px; } .chat-now-banner-solution { padding: 0; } } @media all and (max-width: 519px) { .chat-now-banner-solution { width: 100%; } .chat-now-banner-problem { display: block; text-align: center; padding: 0; } .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: inline; position: static; } } @media all and (max-width: 459px) { .chat-now-banner::before { transform: skewX(55.1deg); left: 160px; } .chat-now-banner-problem::before { top: 50%; } .chat-now-banner-problem span { display: block; } } Need reliable and quick help with your paper? Connect us right now? Chat Now The Australian Agricultural Company has also been faced with numerous challenges during the recruitment of workers. During recruitment processes, the company has been incurring very high costs and wasting a lot of time before a suitable candidate would be selected to fill the vacant position in the company. The recruitment process is usually costly and expensive. It also consumes a lot of time. Another challenge faced by the organization during recruitment is the provision of appropriate trainings to new employees in order to enable them to adapt to and embrace the culture of the organization. Other activities relating to recruitment of workers that have posed challenges to the organization are the development and implementation of appropriate employee reward systems which involves deciding upon appropriate remuneration strategies and benefits packages for workers, discrimination of potential workers during the selection process and improper selection of workers which has led to sele ction of wrong candidates and running away from the right candidates. In my view, the Australian Agricultural Company should set clear strategies for recruiting workers. This is because recruitment of employees is one of the most critical and important activities carried out by the human resource managers; hence, should be conducted by great care. The company should avoid prejudices and unwarranted discriminations that would deny the most suitable workers. Although promotional campaign within the organization may help in reducing costs of recruitment and facilitate retention of workers at the company, it should also be conducted with great care because it may deprive the company new perspectives, ideas and skills from external job applicants. In my view, the organization can overcome the challenges it faces during the recruitment of employees by adopting suitable recruitment strategies such as not recruiting only when necessary and employee development strategies such as provision of adequate training opportunities that would help the organization to retain its workers. In my opinion, the search for new employees should be a continuous and ongoing process. Thus, great employees can be recruited by the organization not only when a vacancy arises but rather when a potentially good worker is spotted. Challenges faced during recruitment of employees can also be avoided by gaining a comprehensive understanding of the needs of the organization and the appropriate skills and behaviors that would meet those needs. Creation of a suitable working environment would also help in retaining more workers hence help in minimizing recruitment costs. Major challenges faced by the Australian Agricultural Company during job design include improper definition of the scope of a job, organizational requirements, likes and dislikes of individual employees, bureaucratic organizational structure and poor control systems. In my view, a job design must be devised in accordance with the requirements of the organization. Rapid changes in technology have also impacted job design processes in the company. As Fried (2012) asserts, the level of technology adopted by an organization also affects job design, for example, organization with high levels of technology would have different job designs from organizations with low levels of technology. Therefore, technology has posed challenges to effective integration of job design as a human resource management practice at the Australian Agricultural Company. In my view, a good job design must allow inputs from the employee as well as give employees a sense of success or accomplishment. A good job desi gn should also include training requirements in order to enable workers know what tasks to do and how to do them (Fried, 2012). The provision of feedback is also a major component of job design which should be integrated and maintained in organizational processes. Similarly, a good job design must also provide good work and rest schedules. Conclusion The development and integration of proper human resource management practices can greatly affect the ability of an organization to achieve its target goals and objectives. This is because human capital or labor is the most valuable asset and driving force that determines the success of an organization. Therefore, it is important for an organization to develop and implement appropriate strategies that would facilitate proper human resource planning, recruitment and retention of workers, and would integrate suitable human resource management practices with other operations of an organization. Proper human resource management should outline suitable plans or strategies for maximizing human resources in an organization. Proper human resource management would provide a company with a competitive edge in the industry. Apposite human resource management is highly essential and would be beneficial to both the organization and employees. Therefore, organizations should not lose sight of the c rucial value and importance of employees in an organization.

The Constant Struggle Between Students And Teachers

The constant struggle between students and teachers, regarding communication and understanding, creates a never-ending battle. Failing to take the time to get to know their students, teachers can cause miscommunication and lack of understanding. Where a child is from, who their parents are, how they were raised, and many other parts of a child’s life matters and frames how the child grows and views the world. Not being from an area and not knowing what has gone on in the community can make you feel blind towards why your students may behave a certain way. Ethnographic studies are sometimes used by teachers or researchers to get a better understanding on how a group of people learn. Ethnography is defined as the study of the customs of individual peoples and cultures. Through this study, the researcher examines family dynamics, child to child interactions, social activity, culture, economic demographics, and many other factors. It allows the researcher to get to know how peopl e function in a setting where they would feel comfortable. When applied to the learning style of students, this study can assist teachers in understanding students on a personal level, so that they can communicate effectively in the classroom. In this paper, I will explore different studies where ethnography was used, how Ways with Words influenced the studies, and lastly whether or not these studies helped in the advancement of literacy understanding. Forming relationships with your students can beShow MoreRelatedThe Philosophy Of Teaching And Art914 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching has always been a desired career option for myself, more importantly, being an art teacher. With anything, there are pros and cons to my predetermined thesis. I consider myself an artist before I see myself as a teacher, this may be one of the biggest faults in my career choice or one of my greatest advantages in the world of education. The balance between teaching and art may be a difficult obstacle to overcome. From my overwhelming love of the arts to my loathing of school standardizationRead MoreTake a Stand: Education through Conflict Theory Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pagesof many jobs for Americans. It is even one of the biggest competitions between different countries throughout the world. Every aspect can be applied to a theory of Sociology. Education can be easily connected to the Conflict Theory as in there will always be a competition over powe r, wealth, and prestige. Children, even at a young age, often find themselves fighting over ranks in the school such as â€Å"jocks† or â€Å"nerds†. Teachers can sometimes find themselves in a battle against other schools or evenRead MoreEssay on An Analysis of Waiting for Superman978 Words   |  4 Pagesfilm was an eye opening, to many, look at the failings of the U.S. school system. The film follows five students across the U.S., who range in grade level from kindergarten to eighth grade, as they try and escape the public school system through a lottery for a chance admission to a charter school. Guggenheim lays the blame for the failing public education system at the feet of the various teachers unions, and makes a plea for the public in general to get involved in reforming the system. By analyzingRead MorePersonal Statement For Inclusion : Communication912 Words   |  4 Pagesfactor in the classroom, between teacher and students, teacher with parents, stude nts with teacher and students with students. From the first day of school on, there is a constant struggle for some students. They don’t only worry about the academics, but also they want to fit in. The struggle starts with the groups or â€Å"click† forming. Kids use body language and even hurtful comments to exclude kids and let them know that they don’t belong in their â€Å"group†. As teachers we can see what is goingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book By Joel Spring981 Words   |  4 Pagesbased on the constant derogation and the oppression of the people that were not considered â€Å"white†. The constant segregation between races caused many fights for equal rights among Native Americans, African American, Asian and Hispanic people. The conflict was never easy because the United States demonstrated an ethnocentric attitude, which caused the idea of deculturalization for many of the incoming immigrant races. The book demonstrates accuracy in m any of the historical struggles between educationRead MoreCommon Core Is A Hassle Throughout The Nation1717 Words   |  7 Pagesthough students are already having trouble with previous standards. Common Core state standards are an attempt to make American schools compete with the best education systems worldwide (Avoid). Implementing the use of more technology, incorporating more critical thinking questions, and having to apply the knowledge to tasks in the tests shows a change students aren’t ready for. The change happened too quickly when Florida signed in 2010 with the company AIR, without giving time for teachers and staffRead MoreMiddle Age Vs. Middle School Students919 Words   |  4 Pagesbodies, middle school teachers must focus on teaching the student instead of what is taught. During this period of development, individuals may experience physical discomfort, fluctuating emotions, and abilities to analyze and synthesize information can result in experimentation an d reasoning. As a result of the differing growth and development rates among middle school students, teachers will have a diverse classroom. In order for success to be promoted in the classroom, the teacher must be sensitiveRead MoreThe Rights Of The Lgbt Community Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages Jurisdiction of power between the Federal government’s power and state’s rights is a continuous struggle throughout our nation’s history. A current case which affects the LGBT community wherein states have enacted discriminatory laws that infringe upon the rights of the LGBT community. In North Carolina the House Bill 2 has been a major cause of controversy amongst many residents of North Carolina as well as the United States as a whole. From the constitutional standpoint, North Carolina has oversteppedRead MoreThe Link Between Drama Based Reading Instruction And Reading Comprehension1219 Words   |  5 Pageswhich means it should be effectively taught. Since this is an important skill that many children struggle with, I would like to focus on assisting children with enhancing their reading comprehension skills. I would like to create a program that focuses on building reading comprehension skills through the implementation of drama techniques. Research Adomat (2012) conducted research on the connection between drama-based reading instruction and reading comprehension. Adomat (2012) provided small groupRead MoreAnalyzing the Teaching Profession706 Words   |  3 Pagesman has the position and work of teaching. The teacher has always been the mainstay of intellectual and cultural progress of any society and the cornerstone of personal happiness every man. So, it be perceived the importance of this profession for man and society. It is no coincidence that everybody who exercise this profession should be at alert and disseminates the values and knowledge in children with the best way. This requires a constant struggle, who leads to professional development. But how

A Brief Note On Corruption Of Police Administration

Corruption in Police Administration Andrew Broyhill University of Central Missouri CJ 2101 November 17, 2015 Dr. Etters Corruption in Police Administration Police corruption is a problem that has and will always impact us all. It has always existed and has changed policing in several dramatic ways. However, one simple element of corruption has always been apparent. It’s never NOT happening. Unfortunately, police corruption is an on going problem that isn’t slowing down. In fact, in the past decade, with the rise in drug cartels entering the untied states, corruption with police and drug lords have sky rocketed within the DEA alone (Washington Post, 2003: p 4). When looking into a police organization and try to find out why some officers are corrupt, you have to dig deep to find the root of the problem first and find out the origins of corruption. So why do officers become corrupt? Is it because of the money? Is it power? Is it because they feel like they have to because of fear? According the Francis McClafferty, MD, from The Corruption Process of a Law Enforcement Officer: A Paradigm of Occupational Stress and Deviancy, â€Å"Because of frustration with unfair departmental rules and regulation~ and a leadership without integrity, many law enforcement officers find a solution in corruption as a means of getting back at their department. Their frustration becomes an excuse to justify corruption in their own minds, with the ends justifying the means†. So following thatShow MoreRelatedThe Youth And Anti Corruption2508 Words   |  11 Pagesyouth on anti-corruption where these integrity camps will: A. Educate on the causes and consequences on corruption such as: i. Centralized political and economic power in the elite, ii. Poor social service systems; B. Teach the youth how to effectively fight corruption with their communities by promoting awareness of corruption within individuals, C. Instill an anti-corruption culture within the youth to: i. Alleviate corruption in their country, ii. Reduce cases of corruption; D. Be fundedRead MoreComparison of business ethics in different countries.3369 Words   |  14 PagesHong Kong Ethics Development Center. The American Chamber of Commerce is the only foreign chamber of commerce which incorporates the codes of conduct as part of their position paper. Although the basis brief of Hong Kong Independent Commissions Against Corruption (ICAC) is to fight corruption, it also helps firms devise codes of ethics. To those international firms with an attempt to set up their Codes of Conduct in Hong Kong, the ICAC provides some advice regarding the basic concepts and contentsRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Egyptian Revolution2676 Words   |  11 Pagesgovernment corruption. Although the regime was widely accepted by the majority of Egyptians, this revolution proved just how feeble the existing regime really was. Mainly, because of all the economic downturn that Egypt was experiencing due to the heavy corruption that had engulfed the political system of the coun try under Mubarak’s leadership. This financial depression included: an increase in unemployment, constant rising poverty, social and economic inequality, and a very high debt. This brief yet highlyRead MoreAnalysis of Downfall of Pakistan Cricket- by Adnan Khalid Chemical Engr- Mba( Operations Management), Ibm-Uet, Lahore.2535 Words   |  11 Pages Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) : is the publicaly owned, governing authority for the regulation of Cricket in pakistan. A Brief History of Pakistan Cricket and Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB):- The Pakistan National Cricket Team is an International cricket team representing Pakistan. It is administrated by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB). Pakistan is a member of the InternationalRead MoreEssay on Oil Industry and Nigerian Development4319 Words   |  18 Pagesleaders in development as a whole, or at least be progressing toward that. The oil industry has, however, interfered somewhat in the development of alternative industries. In addition, even though it is directly associated with problems in leadership, corruption has been established as a normal order of business in Nigeria’s government and dealings with oil and has grown along with the industry. While the oil industry has introduced many significant problems in Nigeria, both socially and economically, thereRead MoreMexican Drug War Essay4075 Words   |  17 Pagesequipment, very persistently tried to convert the police force and judicial systems and become better partners with the United States. Unfortunatel y, the Mexican Police are not paid a sufficient amount by the government therefore they are relatively easy to persuade. On the website Insight Crime, Patrick Corcoran states â€Å"an underpaid officer could double or triple his salary by simply agreeing to look the other way.† In a ploy to avoid this corruption, Calderon increased the use of military in theRead MoreResearch Paper On Al Capone1952 Words   |  8 PagesChicago, and beyond, made him not only extremely wealthy, but extremely powerful. Eventually, he ran Chicago outside of the law, through means of terror, but also by appealing to the citizens and controlling the government. Although his time on top was brief--he was jailed in 1932, less than ten years after he took over the Chicago Outfit--, he assumed almost total control, something that no other gangster of his prowess had been able to do. Background: Alphonse Capone was born on January 17, 1899 inRead MoreThe Vulgar VIP Culture2735 Words   |  11 Pagesthe Executive’s prerogative. 0.2.2 Scope and Limitations The researcher acknowledges the importance of this activity. However, due to the necessity of adhering to the word limit, the researcher has refrained from going into excessive detail. A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE CASE In the case of Abhay Singh , the Supreme Court considered a successive series of issues which were highlighted before it by the amicus curae in the case that the term ‘high dignitaries’ in the Central Motor Rules of 1989 shall beRead MoreIndian Polity and Social Issue16628 Words   |  67 Pagesthe Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) per State or Union Territory. Fifth Schedule (Article 244)   – This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas[Note 1] and Scheduled Tribes[Note 2] (areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions). Sixth Schedule (Articles 244 and 275) — Provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam. Seventh Schedule (Article 246) — The union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of responsibilitiesRead MoreRight of Lawyers to Strike in India: Ex Captain Harish Uppal V. Union of India3867 Words   |  16 Pagesauthorities towards their problems, with the expectation that these problems will be solved. One such common means of protest is the ‘strike’, defined by the Committee of Experts of the International Labour Organisation as â€Å"Any work stoppage, however brief and limited.† Almost every country in the world allows for some form of protest in context of the freedom of association. However, the right to strike is not unlimited. There are certain categories of workers who are not permitted to strike on grounds

Theory of knowledge Free Essays

What are the methods of the historians and how do they compare with other methodologies: First of all, we have to know what is the definition of history: It is a branch of knowledge dealing with past events, political, social, economic, of a country, continent, or the world. It is an orderly description of past events. It is also a train of events connected with a person or thing. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly I will define what is a method. It is 1) a system, orderliness, 2) it is a way of doing something 3) doing things with 4) it is a science or study of something. The differences between the facts of the past and historical facts: We all know, or think we know, what a fact is: a reliable piece of information, something we know to be, in the common sense meaning of the word â€Å"true†. We also know, or think we know, what an historical fact is. Give examples. These are facts, definite pieces of historical knowledge, close perhaps to the natural scientific knowledge the nineteenth century historians wanted to use as their model of knowledge. But these facts are only the start of history, only the foundation on which history is built. History is not the facts of the past alone but the processing of these facts into a coherent, meaningful interpretation of the past with which these facts are concerned. â€Å"History is the interpretation of these facts, the processing of them into a narrative with causes and effects.† These facts, these pieces of information about the past are important to historians. Historians must be certain of their accuracy, must have confidence in their integrity before they can confidently interpret them for their contemporaries. Historians collect their facts from whenever they can. Certain historical facts, mostly those obtained from archives, may be collected directly by historians themselves. Historians can visit public records offices or churches and examine historical documents directly. Epigraphy is an interesting example of such a discipline. It is the study of ancient inscriptions: letters and words and symbols, chiselled, moulded or embossed on stones. E.g.: the Rosetta stone: it is an inscribed stone found near Rosetta in northern Egypt in 1799. History is a selection: Historians make history by selecting facts and processing them and it is the processing that creates history. History has been described as an enormous jig saw with lots of bits missing. Historians try to create the missing pieces. They can only do this by selecting from all the information available to them. What evidence we have for this comes, of course, from the people in the middle Ages who wrote about their own lives and times. And the people who wrote about their own lives and times in the middle Ages in Europe were monks and priests. Imaginative understanding is an important part of an historian’s skill, but imaginative understanding varies from historian to historian. They have to imaginatively understand the minds of the older people. The only way they can do this is by using their own thought processes. Historians recognize that to portray history is impossible. They cannot really be sure of the motives of the writers of the archive documents. â€Å"The past can only be seen through the eyes of the present†. Historian should present their records of the past. Ranke and his fellow nineteenth century historians believed that not only was it possible to present the past â€Å"How it really was† but they also believed they were doing exactly that when they wrote their history books. The historian’s job was to collect together a proven body of facts and present them to the readers. Is history a unique area of knowledge? We have seen that natural sciences, mathematics and logic, and the social sciences have distinctive areas of knowledge. Can a similar claim be made for history? YES of course it can be made!!!!. One way of answering this question is to look at the work of historians. As we do this, we should ask ourselves the question † What do historians do that scientists, mathematicians and social scientists do not do?†!!!!!. Four different stages exists: 1) Recording: Some scholars collect records and preserve evidence from the past. If we stick to our definition of historians as interpreters of facts these scholars are not historians in our sense of the word. They are archivists and curators, collectors and preservers. E.G: Nothing is moved until photographs are taken, measurements made and meticulous records compiled of everything that is there and exactly where it is. That is the work of the historical researchers who record and preserve evidence from the past. Every objects is recorded and, as far as possible identified. The historical knowledge these Historians have is no different from the knowledge of natural science: it is empirical and of course objective. Give example of the titanic. 2) Assessment: These historians asses the evidence they have, compare it to other similar evidences that might be available and come to the conclusion that Holden’s room are indeed a unique historical event. 3) Reconstructing the past: Having assessed the evidence and accepted its importance, historians now have to use it, to infer from it and to reconstruct the past. They use evidences. Historians also are interested in reconstructing beyond the obvious. They attempt to reconstruct the values of a wealthy youth 100 years ago. 4) Interpreting: Historians ask themselves questions. They might compare the artefacts with other atifacts for instance†¦ Historians’ ways of knowing are distinct. They record, assess, reconstruct and interpret in a way that others scholars do not. Historians continually reinterpret the events of the past and reappraise them for each new generation. Historical sources: Primary and secondary sources: The problem with the past is that it has passed. It has gone. The idea of all time past, and present, running parallel is intriguing but until we have the technology to explore other times in reality, we have to explore the past through what the past has left us, through the multitude of artefacts surviving from times past. Historians use what they term PRIMARY SOURCES as their main access to the past. Secondary sources are also available: these are sources of information provided by other historians. Primary sources are the bedrock of history. They include every conceivable type of documents: maps, treaties, churches and temple records, imperial archive documents, letters, legal records, diaries, newspapers, catalogues and even bus tickets. They can be formal or informal, private or public, serious or frivolous. Primary sources also include artefacts. Unlike science, say, history is often criticized for serving no purpose. We are unable to learn from history, it is argued, either because precisely the same circumstances as in the past cannot arise again in future, or because if sufficiently similar circumstances did arise, we would not be able to act differently. In the natural sciences we have both statements of immediate observations, reporting for instance the outcome of an experiment, and general laws from which we can derive predictions. These two kinds of statements are justified in quite different ways: observational statements by perception. The evidence, not necessarily written, which historical research is based on are the ‘sources’. Sources need not be items that go back to the time in history which is being studied, but can be texts written since then about that time: the former are called primary, and the latter secondary sources. There are two main questions that must be asked regarding primary sources. The first of these concerns their authenticity, or genuineness. Suppose that we have, for instance, a painting of a particular historical event; then the painter may have added or omitted certain details to please his customer, or to make it a better painting, he may not have been there himself and have used incomplete accounts, the painting could even be a later forgery, and so on. The other question concerns their completeness. We must bear in mind that the material available to us has already been systematically selected, in a variety of ways: we tend to know more about the upper classes of the societies we study, because it is largely their doings that were recorded, while we find many ruins in some parts of the world, little remains of the wooden structures that were more common elsewhere, and so on. On one side there are those who hold that historical explanation must be like the scientific explanation of an event: to understand an historical event, we must have a general, or ‘covering’ law, so that from this law and a description of the historical situation we can deduce that the event would happen. For even where history is capable of being objective, there are problems with the ‘evidence’ it is based on, as we have seen: the sources available may not be authentic, and they will certainly be incomplete. And to the extent that history is (necessarily) subjective, i.e. a matter of the position from which it is written, historical accounts or explanations are liable to the problem of bias, i.e. partiality, tendentiousness or even prejudice. The historian cannot be objective about the period, which is his subject. In this he differs (to his intellectual advantage) from its most typical ideologists, who believed that the progress of technology, ‘positive science’ and society made it possible to view their present with the unanswerable impartiality of the natural scientist, whose methods they believed themselves (mistakenly) to understand. For much of the time that history has been written, the work of the historian was not thought to be particularly problematic — as long as he had the right intentions, he would just try to discover the truth, and †tell how it really was.† The first law for the historian is that he shall never dare utter an untruth. The second is that he shall suppress nothing that is true. Moreover, there shall be no suspicion of partiality in his writing, or of malice. History, then, is not, as it has so often been misdescribed, a story of successive events or an account of change. Unlike the natural scientist, the historian is not concerned with events as such at all. He is only concerned with those events, which are the outward expression of thoughts. †¦ How to cite Theory of knowledge, Papers Theory of Knowledge Free Essays Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher and a mathematician who is generally recognized as one of the founders of analytic philosophy. He, like many other people was searching for proof and evidence of us- people being rational animals, whose thoughts and actions are reasonable and sensible. Reason is a way of knowing in which we build up explanations by refining independent ideas and theories in order to reach a logical conclusion or in other words we use reason to decide whether something is correct or wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through observations and experiments we can prove by reason if our hypothesis was right, and by this broaden our knowledge horizons. Reason is present as much as in everyday choice making, as it is present in science, mathematics and other areas of knowledge. However reason is not always the most useful way of knowledge, for example in music and arts, as we are not robots and we also rely on our emotions and perception. So how can we gain truth by reason, when there are so many different opinions and emotions involved? Reason can help us gain knowledge, but only to a certain extent and therefore it has its strengths and weaknesses, which I am going to discuss in my essay. In science logic and reason are said to be the core element to get a valid conclusion, but there are some contradictions and exceptions to this general judgment. For example in biology, we use reason and logic to make a hypothesis, and then through several experiments or observations, we can obtain a valid and logical conclusion, which will support our hypothesis. As an example, a biology class, had to run an experiment to find out the presence of glucose and starch in two different food solutions. In two test tubes A and B, two different food solutions, which are unknown to the students, are found. The class divided into four different groups and each group had to add chemicals such as iodine for starch and benedicts solution for glucose to find out, in which test tube was each solution. If starch was present the solution had to turn from blue to black, and for glucose it had to change from blue to orange. Group 1, was successful and their one solution turned to black, proving that it has starch in it and the other turned orange demonstrating that it has glucose. Group 2 however, had a negative outcome, as both of their solutions did not change color, therefore showing that it has none of the solutions present. One of the solutions of group 3 turned green, instead of orange, therefore contradicting the hypothesis and the whole theory. By this example we see that logic and reason, has its own uncertainties and doubts. Reason can sometimes obscure our knowledge if we see something, which contradicts our initial theory. This logic is quite similar to perception, as we need to use our five senses- see, hear, touch, taste and smell to acquire a rational verdict. In music and art, I think that reason as a way of knowing has both advantages and disadvantages. We cannot express our opinion on a piece of music or a piece of art without bringing up emotion and perception. A composer cannot write music without any feelings, same as an artist cannot paint without inspiration through his senses. A piece of music however requires some basic reason. For example if a composer needs to write a concerto for a violin, he will not write a concerto for a piano, and no other instrument than a violin can replace it. This is very basic reason, but we can see that it is present in creative arts. I am an IB Art student and I know that reason has little to do with it. Making art is based mostly on emotion and on the way we feel or what we think at a certain moment. Art comes from the heart, and reason is only present when we need to know which two colors for example make purple or what do we need to do to make a canvas. Add reason Another demonstration of advantages and disadvantages of reason is present the case of superstitions. In many cultures superstitions make up a lot of beliefs that are carried throughout generations. For example it is said that it is bad luck to go forward of a black cat has passed your way. Even though I have never heard anyone claim that he or she has bad luck because of a cat passing his or her way, I would still rather prefer to avoid it, as I was brought up with this and I actually started to believe in it. Even though there is no scientific prove of this superstition and common logic experience says that this is not true, most people would still avoid it. Therefore reason can be very objective, in a way that it can differ from different cultures and dissimilar beliefs. Mathematics is the one area where reason plays a fundamental part. Reason is the basis on which mathematics is founded. Before any mathematical theorem can be taken as true, it must be backed by a reasonable mathematical proof that shows, that the answer got is correct. This type of empirical, reasonable verification shows that of all the areas of knowledge, mathematics uses reason the most. In mathematics, an answer is either wrong or right. There is no midpoint in mathematics. Without reason, all mathematical arguments would naturally fail, and so if a mathematical statement cannot be fortified with reason, the statement should be rejected. Mathematics is the only area of knowledge where every statement must be backed up by reason. Reason itself is not enough to explain such things as the origins of the universe, or right and wrong, and so reason can and should be complemented by other sources of knowledge. Reason can be used when the sense misinformed us. For example when you put a straw in water senses tell us that the straw is bent, because it looks like it, but through reason we deduce that the straw is straight. Therefore reason is more reliable than our senses and is used more effectively. For the conclusion, I should discuss whether in the end our knowledge can be obtained purely by logic and reason, or it needs the support of human emotion and perception to give us reasonable comprehension of our existence. â€Å"Man is a rational animal who always loses his temper when called upon to act in accordance with the dictates of reason,†- this is a quote by Oscar Wilde. I agree with him as I think that emotions and feelings often overtake reason, as we are more driven by our desires, fears and passion than logic and rationality. I think that pure reason cannot exist without other ways of knowledge, and has its strengths and weaknesses. Reason is valid when it is not contradicted by anyone, but can we call something rational knowledge when someone disputes it? Reason within its domain is very reliable, as for example in mathematics, you can be almost one hundred percent certain that something is true, and this is the main strength of reason. I think that in all the other areas of knowledge, reason has many weaknesses. Reason always needs input from another source and therefore can only be reliable as its source of data. In the arts, in the absence of inspiration, no great work can be done, however reason is present in the mixing of colors and proportion and so on. Science without any data has no use of reason, and is therefore unreliable. My conclusion to this essay is that reason always needs input from another source and therefore can only be reliable as its source of data. How to cite Theory of Knowledge, Papers Theory of Knowledge Free Essays â€Å"History is always on the move, slowly eroding today’s orthodoxy and making space for yesterday’s heresy. † Discuss the extent to which this claim applies to history and at least one other area of knowledge. In order to find out if the claim applies to the areas of knowledge history and chemistry I will break the question down in three parts. We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of Knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly I ask if history and chemistry move. Secondly I question if it erodes today’s orthodoxy and finally I consider if yesterday’s heresy takes over. In my opinion the claim applies to some extent to history and to a great extent to chemistry. Are history and chemistry always on the move? Moves in history can have various causes: the discovery of new facts, a different focus of interest or a political shift. In the year 2005 a Bosnian archaeologist called Semir Osmanagic suspects there are pyramids in his homeland Bosnia and Herzegovina. Anthropologists say the Visoko valley already offers ample evidence of organized human settlements dating back 7000 years. [1] This discovery would change the entire European history. Something that was commonly accepted, that the first pyramids came from Egypt, has altered completely. Thus history is moving. A counter argument to this could be that history just repeats itself and does not move at all. The Renaissance is a repetition of the Classical times, in which the work of ancient scholars was studied again. Painting, sculpture and architecture were influenced by the Latin and Greek culture, so that â€Å"paintings became more realistic and focused less often on religious topics. †[2] Furthermore, the name ‘rebirth’ was not given for nothing, it was a repetition. One might say that history is not always on the move, it just reiterates. Scientist observe nature and try to explain what they see with the help of theories. The nature itself does not change, but the way they look at it is different. A paradigm is the idea of a prevailing theory or model, which is commonly accepted by a whole community. When a scientific revolution takes place, the paradigm changes, and with the paradigm all basic concepts of the science. If we look at paradigm changes of atomic models through time, we see that Dalton (1807) displayed atoms as a solid, indivisible ultimate particles of matter. In 1898 Thompson imagined an atom to be like ‘Plum Pudding’. Rutherford (1911) presented the ‘Planetary’ model, which shows electrons in finite orbits. In the present model, we imagine the electrons in orbitals having precise energies and diffuse spacial properties, often referred to as electron clouds. [3] The model of displaying atoms keeps changing and so does chemistry. One might argue that chemistry is not always on the move, because it takes place when a researcher finds an anomaly and he is aware of it. Only then he will search for a possible explanation. If this anomaly can not be explained by the current paradigm, he has to come up with a new theory. Until the whole community is dissatisfied with the current paradigm, a crisis emerges, and new paradigm will be accepted. [4] This shows that history just moves in times of crisis. Is today’s orthodoxy eroded? An aspect of Bosnian history that has struck me since coming here is that each ethnic group has it’s own version of the past. In Bosnia there are three main ethnic groups: Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs. Each of them blames the other for starting the Bosnian war from 1991 to 1995 and has their own story about who was the first victim of the war. My Croatian friend tells me that at first a man was killed in the Croatian town Caplina. On the other hand my Bosniak friend says that the first fallen was a guest on a wedding in Sarajevo. However, my Serbian classmate claims that the war started because a Serb in Pale was murdered. The common prevailing history is eroded and has made place for three different versions. On the contrary, it has also happened that after an important discovery othing happened. Besides an excellent painter, Leonardo Da Vinci was also inventor and scientist. Had his theories been published in his time, then â€Å"they would have revolutionized the science of the 16th century. Leonardo actually anticipated many discoveries of modern times. †[5] He studied the circulation of the blood in anatomy and did a great discovery on the circulatory system. Unfortunately his insight did not erode today’s orthodoxy. This could be explained by the influence of the church, which determined what was commonly accepted in those days. Only a century later, William Harvey published a book in which he wrote about the discovery of the human circulatory system as his own. [6] In this example the prevailing orthodoxy does not change, even after an important discovery. In chemistry a new paradigm will only be accepted when it can answer the question, which the previous paradigm couldn’t. This means that today’s orthodoxy must be eroded. â€Å"At the end of the eighteenth century it was widely known that some compounds ordinarily contained fixed proportions by weight of their constituents. [7] Yet, â€Å"the generalization of this theory was impossible without an abandonment of affinity theory and a reconceptualization of the boundaries of the chemist’s domain. †[8] The meteorologist Dalton approached these problems with a different paradigm than his contemporary chemists and this lead to the Chemical Atomic Theory. The old theory was rejected in order to accept the new one. However, one might argue that scientific revolutions are invisible. Therefore we cannot know if today’s orthodoxy has been eroded. Since scientific revolutions are difficult to date, we do not know when they started or ended exactly. Thus, one can assume that it is not possible to determine if the commonly accepted changed. Does yesterday’s heresy take over? History can change when new facts are discovered. More information about a historical event is available and therefore new knowledge. This allows us to describe an event in the past more accurately. An example of the discovery of new facts is the DNA analyzer. This new research method can reveal details about the Neanderthal DNA. [9] The analyzer allows researchers to find out the entire DNA sequence of the closest cousin humans ever had. The ability to reconstruct prehistoric DNA enables scientists to find out what relationship existed between Neanderthals and the first modern humans. â€Å"Such a feat, deemed impossible even a few years ago†[10] This implies that yesterday’s heresy has been replaced by today’s orthodoxy. Nevertheless, there are examples of events where yesterday’s heresy did not take over. The Armenian Genocide is one of them. This change in history is caused by a different focus of interest from the involved parties. The Armenian genocide can be defined as â€Å"the atrocities committed against the Armenian people of the Ottoman Empire during W.  W. I . †[11] It is in the interest of the Armenians to display the events that happened between 1915 and 1918 as genocide, because they want formal acknowledgment of the crimes committed during W. W. I. [12] However, the Republic of Turkey denies that a genocide was committed against the Armenians. It is in the interest of Turkey not to affirm the truth about the occurrence. Since there are two possible histories, yesterday’s heresy did not take over. In chemistry if often occurs that what was commonly accepted is replaced by something which was not thinkable at that time. An example is the discovery of oxygen. The British scientist Priestley isolated a gas and saw it as dephlogisticated air. [13] He lacked the framework to understand what he had isolated. Only after a paradigm change had taken place, another chemist, called Lavoisier, was able to see the gas as oxygen. Both were looking at the same phenomenon, but only one was able to see the gas from which air existed. â€Å"Lavoisier saw nature differently†¦ after discovering oxygen Lavoisier worked in a different world. †[14] For Priestley it was unthinkable that the gas was oxygen, and thus it was yesterday’s heresy which took over. A different focus of interest, political shifts or the discovery of new facts, like the Bosnian pyramids, cause history to move. Even repetition, as the Renaissance, is a change and so history is always on the move. Due to these changes the prevailing orthodoxy mostly alters, as I perceive from my surroundings in Bosnia. Despite of Da Vinci’s progressive discovery, it is rare that important findings are not recognized. Furthermore, there are many cases, like the Armenian genocide where there is not one prevailing history, but more. Thus, I can conclude that yesterday’s heresy does not necessarily take over. The claim applies to some extent to history. Just as history, chemistry is always on the move. Science is subject to alteration, as we perceive trough different atomic models in time. Chemistry works in such a way that when a new theory is accepted the old one has to be rejected. In case of the Atomic Theory we see that it is impossible to keep the prevailing orthodoxy, it has to be eroded. Furthermore, after a paradigm change something that what was unthinkable before becomes commonly accepted. Scientists have to come up with a new theory, like the discovery of oxygen, although this is often unthinkable for the scientist of that time. Yesterday’s does take over and thus the claim applies to a great extent to chemistry. Changes in history and chemistry will be taking place in the future, as they have done in the past. What we are learning in school today, may be nonsense tomorrow and therefore knowledge could be relative to time and place. If these areas of knowledge continue working in this way, there might be a day in the future when people read this essay and say: ‘her knowledge was so limited. How to cite Theory of Knowledge, Essay examples

Taming Of The Shrew Essays (997 words) - The Taming Of The Shrew

Taming Of The Shrew In Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare, the author uses a variety of characters portraying all different types of mankind to show a general view of life. The reader directly relates to the conflicts in the plot, and using a mixture of both comedy and irony, Shakespeare is able to obtain an emotional, not critical, response from the audience. G. B. Harrison summarized this writing style by Shakespeare by stating, When we try to analyze the universality of Shakespeare, we find that he is not particularly original as a thinker, nor is he the only English writer. Others, in various ways, have written poetry as memorable. But he is the most universal of all, because he is the wisest; that is, he can understand and sympathize more than any other men. He can see the whole picture of humanity and re-create it so that men of every kind, country, creed, and generation understand. Knowing humanity as no one else ever did, he is nevertheless neither a mocking nor a weeping philosopher. He views life with zest, and he is so great that he can refrain from moral judgements. When Harrison states that Shakespeare is the most universal of all, he means that the characters represented in Shakespeares plays are represented and understood by all people of society, especially the characters in The Taming of the Shrew. A common feeling felt by many children in society is negligence or favoritism by their parents. Bianca, the younger of two daughters of Baptista, is presented as a young, modest girl with an angelic appearance. Baptista is directly seen as a biased father who shows favoritism towards his daughter, Bianca. In Scene I of Act I, Baptista portrays this favoritism by stating, And so, farewell Katherina, you may stay for I have to commune with Bianca, and discarding Katherina as a piece of garbage and showing no concern (Shakespeare 103-104). Many times people will become selfish and resort to deceit to obtain their own desires. Another character who plays a common man in society is Lucentio, a young man from Pisa, who will go to all extremes to obtain Biancas love. Lucentio orders his servant, Tranio, to act as a suitor in pursuit of Bianca as well to distract the attention of the other suitors in order to give Lucentio a change to gain Biancas love. In Scene I of Act I, Lucentio declares to Tranio, If thou ask me why, sufficeth my reasons are both good and weighty (Shakespeare 250-253). Lucentio plays a game of trickery and takes on a false identity to benefit his own desire of gaining Biancas love. Shakespeare uses other common characters such as Lucentio and Biance in The Taming of the Shrew so that all people of society can relate to the feeling of the characters in the play. Harrison also declares that Shakespeare, can understand and sympathize more than any other men. Katherine, the older daughter of Baptista, is viewed as a cold-hearted shrew lacking emotion and the expected reaction of the reader is disgust. However, Shakespeare refrains from this stereotype and rather creates a sense of pity for Kate reasoning that her stubborn behavior was a cause of her fathers negligence. Katherine herself displays this feeling in Scene I of Act II when she proclaims, Bianca is your treasure, she must have a husband; talk not to me, I will go sit and weep till I can find occasion for revenge. Kate also predicts she will become an old witch because of Baptistas favoritism (Shakespeare 36-40). Shakespeare reverses a similar misconception with the character of Petruchio, who takes on the task of taming Kate. In his methods of taming Kate, Petruchio often starves and scolds her and is perceived as a villain. However, in Scene I of Act IV, Petruchio states, this is a w ay to kill a wife with kindness (Shakespeare 206). Petruchio means that he will tame his wife like a falcon, using her exact drastic behavior, but only for the benefit of her future. Once again, Shakespeare changes the audiences stereotypical, expected response. Instead, the audience favors all characters, excluding a single hero in the play. In the final line of his quote,